Adenotonsillectomy in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: Clinical and Functional Outcomes

Adenotonsillectomy (AT) is the first-line treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Relatively few studies have evaluated the clinical and functional outcomes of AT in children with OSAS, but these studies show that surgery improves behavior and quality of life (QOL). However, residual OSAS after AT is reported in severe cases. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes of AT in a cohort of children with OSAS. We consecutively enrolled children with OSAS who underwent AT and were admitted to our clinic from 1 July 2020 to 31 December 2022. For each participant, medical history and physical examinations were performed. Before and after surgery, all patients underwent a standard polygraphic evaluation, and caregivers completed the OSA-18 questionnaire. A total of 65 children with OSAS, aged 2–9 years, were included. After AT, 64 (98.4%) children showed a reduction in AHI, with median (IQR) values decreasing from 13.4/h (8.3–18.5/h) to 2.4/h (1.8–3.1/h) (p-value < 0.0001). Conversely, median (IQR) SpO(2) nadir increased after surgery from 89% (84–92%) to 94% (93–95%) (p-value < 0.0001). Moreover, 27 children (18%) showed residual OSAS. The OSA-18 score decreased after AT from median (IQR) values of 84 (76–91) to values of 33 (26–44) (p-value < 0.0001). A positive significant correlation was found between OSA-18 post-operative scores and AHI post-operative scores (rho 0.31; p-value = 0.01). Our findings indicate that, in children with OSAS, AT is associated with significant improvements in behavior, QOL, and polygraphic parameters. However, long-term post-surgical follow-up to monitor for residual OSAS is highly recommended, especially in more severe cases.