Rapid detection of Salmonella in food matrices by photonic PCR based on the photothermal effect of Fe(3)O(4)

Salmonella causes most deaths from diarrheal disease worldwide. Therefore, Salmonella must be accurately and quickly detected, even in complex food matrices, which is difficult to achieve using conventional culture methods. Here we propose a novel photonic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on ferroferric oxide (Fe(3)O(4)) for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium in complex samples. Owing to the great photothermal conversion performance of Fe(3)O(4), rapid thermal cycling could be accomplished. Our optimized photonic PCR system specifically detected Salmonella typhimurium in complex food matrices within 50 min. Quantitative data showed a limit of detection up to 10(2) CFU/mL in food samples. This method is suitable for the detection of all pathogenic microorganisms and is universal.