Effects of geo‐climate factors on phenotypic variation in cone and seed traits of Pinus yunnanensis

Evaluating variations in reproductive traits and the response of the variations to geo‐climate conditions are essential for understanding the persistence, evolution, and range dynamics of plant populations. However, there are insufficient studies to attempt to analyze the importance of geo‐climate factors in explaining within‐ or among‐population variation in reproductive traits. We examined 14 traits for 2671 cones of Pinus yunnanensis collected from nine populations in the mountains of Southwest China to characterize the patterns of phenotypic variation of traits and estimate environmental effects on these trait performances and trait variation. We found the contribution of intrapopulation variation to the overall variation was greater than the interpopulation variation and the larger coefficients of variation for the populations lying at the edge of northern and southern regions. Climatic variables are more important than geographical and tree size variables in their relationships to cone and seed traits. Populations in more humid and warmer climate expressed greater cone and seed weight and seed number but lower seed abortion rate, while the larger coefficients of variation in seed weight and number were detected in northern and southern marginal regions with drier or colder climate. Our study illustrates that intraspecific trait variation should be considered when examining plant species response to changing climate and suggests that the high variability rather than high quality of seed traits in the marginal regions with drier or colder climate might foster plant‐population persistence in stressful conditions.