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Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments

Previous research has indicated that ultrafine particles (UFPs, particles less than 100 nm) emitted from desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers exhibit cytotoxicity. However, only a limited number of particles from different filaments and their combinations have been tested for cytotoxicity. This s...

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Autores principales: Fang, Runcheng, Mohammed, Afzaal Nadeem, Yadav, Jagjit Singh, Wang, Jun
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10536656/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37755731
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090720
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author Fang, Runcheng
Mohammed, Afzaal Nadeem
Yadav, Jagjit Singh
Wang, Jun
author_facet Fang, Runcheng
Mohammed, Afzaal Nadeem
Yadav, Jagjit Singh
Wang, Jun
author_sort Fang, Runcheng
collection PubMed
description Previous research has indicated that ultrafine particles (UFPs, particles less than 100 nm) emitted from desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers exhibit cytotoxicity. However, only a limited number of particles from different filaments and their combinations have been tested for cytotoxicity. This study quantified the emissions of UFPs from a commercially available filament extrusion desktop 3D printer using three different filaments, including acrylonitrile butadiene Styrene (ABS), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). In this study, controlled experiments were conducted where the particles emitted were used to expose cells grown in an air-liquid interface (ALI) system. The ALI exposures were utilized for in vitro characterization of particle mixtures, including UFPs from a 3D printer. Additionally, a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of these UFPs. A549 cells were exposed at the ALI to UFPs generated by an operational 3D printer for an average of 45 and 90 min. Twenty-four hours post-exposure, the cells were analyzed for percent cytotoxicity in a 24-well ALI insert (LDH assay). UFP exposure resulted in diminished cell viability, as evidenced by significantly increased LDH levels. The findings demonstrate that ABS has the most significant particle emission. ABS was the only filament that showed a significant difference compared to the high efficiency particulate arrestance (HEPA) following 90 min of exposure (p-value < 0.05). Both ABS and PETG exhibited a significant difference compared to the HEPA control after 45 min of exposure. A preliminary analysis of potential exposure to these products in a typical environment advises caution when operating multiple printer and filament combinations in poorly ventilated spaces or without combined gas and particle filtration systems.
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spelling pubmed-105366562023-09-29 Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments Fang, Runcheng Mohammed, Afzaal Nadeem Yadav, Jagjit Singh Wang, Jun Toxics Article Previous research has indicated that ultrafine particles (UFPs, particles less than 100 nm) emitted from desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers exhibit cytotoxicity. However, only a limited number of particles from different filaments and their combinations have been tested for cytotoxicity. This study quantified the emissions of UFPs from a commercially available filament extrusion desktop 3D printer using three different filaments, including acrylonitrile butadiene Styrene (ABS), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). In this study, controlled experiments were conducted where the particles emitted were used to expose cells grown in an air-liquid interface (ALI) system. The ALI exposures were utilized for in vitro characterization of particle mixtures, including UFPs from a 3D printer. Additionally, a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of these UFPs. A549 cells were exposed at the ALI to UFPs generated by an operational 3D printer for an average of 45 and 90 min. Twenty-four hours post-exposure, the cells were analyzed for percent cytotoxicity in a 24-well ALI insert (LDH assay). UFP exposure resulted in diminished cell viability, as evidenced by significantly increased LDH levels. The findings demonstrate that ABS has the most significant particle emission. ABS was the only filament that showed a significant difference compared to the high efficiency particulate arrestance (HEPA) following 90 min of exposure (p-value < 0.05). Both ABS and PETG exhibited a significant difference compared to the HEPA control after 45 min of exposure. A preliminary analysis of potential exposure to these products in a typical environment advises caution when operating multiple printer and filament combinations in poorly ventilated spaces or without combined gas and particle filtration systems. MDPI 2023-08-22 /pmc/articles/PMC10536656/ /pubmed/37755731 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090720 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Fang, Runcheng
Mohammed, Afzaal Nadeem
Yadav, Jagjit Singh
Wang, Jun
Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments
title Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments
title_full Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments
title_fullStr Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments
title_full_unstemmed Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments
title_short Cytotoxicity and Characterization of Ultrafine Particles from Desktop Three-Dimensional Printers with Multiple Filaments
title_sort cytotoxicity and characterization of ultrafine particles from desktop three-dimensional printers with multiple filaments
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10536656/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37755731
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090720
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