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Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Vaccination programs in the first years of a child’s life are effective and extremely important strategies for the successful eradication of diseases. However, as no intervention is without risks, the metal-based components of some vaccines, such as thimerosal (TMS), a preservative composed of ethyl...

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Autores principales: Galiciolli, Maria Eduarda Andrade, Silva, Juliana Ferreira, Prodocimo, Maritana Mela, Laureano, Henrique Aparecido, Calado, Sabrina Loise de Morais, Oliveira, Claudia Sirlene, Guiloski, Izonete Cristina
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10537066/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37755255
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13090975
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author Galiciolli, Maria Eduarda Andrade
Silva, Juliana Ferreira
Prodocimo, Maritana Mela
Laureano, Henrique Aparecido
Calado, Sabrina Loise de Morais
Oliveira, Claudia Sirlene
Guiloski, Izonete Cristina
author_facet Galiciolli, Maria Eduarda Andrade
Silva, Juliana Ferreira
Prodocimo, Maritana Mela
Laureano, Henrique Aparecido
Calado, Sabrina Loise de Morais
Oliveira, Claudia Sirlene
Guiloski, Izonete Cristina
author_sort Galiciolli, Maria Eduarda Andrade
collection PubMed
description Vaccination programs in the first years of a child’s life are effective and extremely important strategies for the successful eradication of diseases. However, as no intervention is without risks, the metal-based components of some vaccines, such as thimerosal (TMS), a preservative composed of ethylmercury, and aluminum (Al), have begun to generate distrust on the part of the population. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of exposure to thimerosal and aluminum hydroxide (alone or in mixture) on Danio rerio (zebrafish) specimens. The fish were exposed to thimerosal and/or aluminum hydroxide intraperitoneally. The liver, kidney, and brain were removed for a biochemical biomarker analysis, histopathological analysis, and metal quantification. As a result, we observed changes in the activity of the analyzed enzymes (SOD, GST, GPx) in the kidney and brain of the zebrafish, a reduction in GSH levels in all analyzed tissues, and a reduction in MT levels in the kidney and liver as well as in the brain. Changes in AChE enzyme activity were observed. The biochemical results corroborate the changes observed in the lesion index and histomorphology sections. We emphasize the importance of joint research on these compounds to increase the population’s safety against their possible toxic effects.
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spelling pubmed-105370662023-09-29 Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Galiciolli, Maria Eduarda Andrade Silva, Juliana Ferreira Prodocimo, Maritana Mela Laureano, Henrique Aparecido Calado, Sabrina Loise de Morais Oliveira, Claudia Sirlene Guiloski, Izonete Cristina Metabolites Article Vaccination programs in the first years of a child’s life are effective and extremely important strategies for the successful eradication of diseases. However, as no intervention is without risks, the metal-based components of some vaccines, such as thimerosal (TMS), a preservative composed of ethylmercury, and aluminum (Al), have begun to generate distrust on the part of the population. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of exposure to thimerosal and aluminum hydroxide (alone or in mixture) on Danio rerio (zebrafish) specimens. The fish were exposed to thimerosal and/or aluminum hydroxide intraperitoneally. The liver, kidney, and brain were removed for a biochemical biomarker analysis, histopathological analysis, and metal quantification. As a result, we observed changes in the activity of the analyzed enzymes (SOD, GST, GPx) in the kidney and brain of the zebrafish, a reduction in GSH levels in all analyzed tissues, and a reduction in MT levels in the kidney and liver as well as in the brain. Changes in AChE enzyme activity were observed. The biochemical results corroborate the changes observed in the lesion index and histomorphology sections. We emphasize the importance of joint research on these compounds to increase the population’s safety against their possible toxic effects. MDPI 2023-08-27 /pmc/articles/PMC10537066/ /pubmed/37755255 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13090975 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Galiciolli, Maria Eduarda Andrade
Silva, Juliana Ferreira
Prodocimo, Maritana Mela
Laureano, Henrique Aparecido
Calado, Sabrina Loise de Morais
Oliveira, Claudia Sirlene
Guiloski, Izonete Cristina
Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
title Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
title_full Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
title_fullStr Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
title_full_unstemmed Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
title_short Toxicological Effects of Thimerosal and Aluminum in the Liver, Kidney, and Brain of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
title_sort toxicological effects of thimerosal and aluminum in the liver, kidney, and brain of zebrafish (danio rerio)
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10537066/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37755255
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13090975
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