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Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of Huaniu Apple Cider and Quantification of Volatile Compounds Using HS-SPME-GC/MS
The fermentation process and composition of volatile compounds play a crucial role in the production of Huaniu apple cider. This study aimed to optimize the fermentation conditions of Huaniu apple cider and quantify its volatile compounds using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatograph...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10538033/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37755278 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13090998 |
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author | Mu, Yuwen Zeng, Chaozhen Qiu, Ran Yang, Jianbin Zhang, Haiyan Song, Juan Yuan, Jing Sun, Jing Kang, Sanjiang |
author_facet | Mu, Yuwen Zeng, Chaozhen Qiu, Ran Yang, Jianbin Zhang, Haiyan Song, Juan Yuan, Jing Sun, Jing Kang, Sanjiang |
author_sort | Mu, Yuwen |
collection | PubMed |
description | The fermentation process and composition of volatile compounds play a crucial role in the production of Huaniu apple cider. This study aimed to optimize the fermentation conditions of Huaniu apple cider and quantify its volatile compounds using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). The optimal fermentation parameters were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal fermentation temperature was 25.48 °C, initial soluble solids were 18.90 degrees Brix, inoculation amount was 8.23%, and initial pH was 3.93. The fermentation rate was determined to be 3.0, and the predicted value from the verification test was 3.014. This finding demonstrated the excellent predictability of a RSM-optimized fermentation test for Huaniu apple cider, indicating the reliability of the process conditions. Moreover, the analysis of volatile compounds in the optimized Huaniu cider identified 72 different ingredients, including 41 esters, 16 alcohols, 6 acids, and 9 other substances. Notably, the esters exhibited high levels of ethyl acetate, ethyl octanoate, and ethyl capricate. Similarly, the alcohols demonstrated higher levels of 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenethylethanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol, while the acids displayed increased concentrations of acetic acid, caproic acid, and caprylic acid. This study provides the essential technical parameters required for the preparation of Huaniu apple cider while also serving as a valuable reference for investigating its distinct flavor profile. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10538033 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-105380332023-09-29 Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of Huaniu Apple Cider and Quantification of Volatile Compounds Using HS-SPME-GC/MS Mu, Yuwen Zeng, Chaozhen Qiu, Ran Yang, Jianbin Zhang, Haiyan Song, Juan Yuan, Jing Sun, Jing Kang, Sanjiang Metabolites Article The fermentation process and composition of volatile compounds play a crucial role in the production of Huaniu apple cider. This study aimed to optimize the fermentation conditions of Huaniu apple cider and quantify its volatile compounds using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). The optimal fermentation parameters were determined using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal fermentation temperature was 25.48 °C, initial soluble solids were 18.90 degrees Brix, inoculation amount was 8.23%, and initial pH was 3.93. The fermentation rate was determined to be 3.0, and the predicted value from the verification test was 3.014. This finding demonstrated the excellent predictability of a RSM-optimized fermentation test for Huaniu apple cider, indicating the reliability of the process conditions. Moreover, the analysis of volatile compounds in the optimized Huaniu cider identified 72 different ingredients, including 41 esters, 16 alcohols, 6 acids, and 9 other substances. Notably, the esters exhibited high levels of ethyl acetate, ethyl octanoate, and ethyl capricate. Similarly, the alcohols demonstrated higher levels of 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenethylethanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol, while the acids displayed increased concentrations of acetic acid, caproic acid, and caprylic acid. This study provides the essential technical parameters required for the preparation of Huaniu apple cider while also serving as a valuable reference for investigating its distinct flavor profile. MDPI 2023-09-08 /pmc/articles/PMC10538033/ /pubmed/37755278 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13090998 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Mu, Yuwen Zeng, Chaozhen Qiu, Ran Yang, Jianbin Zhang, Haiyan Song, Juan Yuan, Jing Sun, Jing Kang, Sanjiang Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of Huaniu Apple Cider and Quantification of Volatile Compounds Using HS-SPME-GC/MS |
title | Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of Huaniu Apple Cider and Quantification of Volatile Compounds Using HS-SPME-GC/MS |
title_full | Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of Huaniu Apple Cider and Quantification of Volatile Compounds Using HS-SPME-GC/MS |
title_fullStr | Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of Huaniu Apple Cider and Quantification of Volatile Compounds Using HS-SPME-GC/MS |
title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of Huaniu Apple Cider and Quantification of Volatile Compounds Using HS-SPME-GC/MS |
title_short | Optimization of the Fermentation Conditions of Huaniu Apple Cider and Quantification of Volatile Compounds Using HS-SPME-GC/MS |
title_sort | optimization of the fermentation conditions of huaniu apple cider and quantification of volatile compounds using hs-spme-gc/ms |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10538033/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37755278 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13090998 |
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