Androgen receptor agonist and antagonist reduce response of cytokine‐induced killer cells on prostate cancer cells

Despite many advances, prostate cancer (PCa) is still the second most frequently diagnosed cancer and fifth leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. So far, the promising field of onco‐immunology has not yet provided a satisfactory treatment option for PCa. Here we show that the ex vivo expansion and activation of cytokine‐induced killer (CIK) cells isolated from primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells induce immune‐mediated apoptosis in both human PCa LNCaP and C4‐2 cells. Interestingly, pretreating LNCaP and C4‐2 cells with either androgen or the androgen receptor (AR) antagonist enzalutamide mediates resistance to this immunogenic attack. This is associated with a reduction of both total cell loss and apoptosis levels suggesting one possible mechanism blunting onco‐immunological activity. The data also suggest that secreted factors from AR ligand‐treated PCa cell suppress lymphocyte proliferation. Further, we analysed immune‐mediated killing activity using conditioned media from LNCaP and C4‐2 treated cells. The obtained data suggest that the conditioned media from PCa treated cells does not influence a measurable lymphocyte‐mediated apoptosis. However, analysing clonal expansion of activated lymphocytes, the androgen‐derived conditioned media suppresses lymphocyte proliferation/expansion suggesting inhibition of onco‐immunological activity by pretreatment of PCa cells with AR ligands.