A mini-review: recent advancements in temporal interference stimulation in modulating brain function and behavior

Numerous studies have assessed the effect of Temporal Interference (TI) on human performance. However, a comprehensive literature review has not yet been conducted. Therefore, this review aimed to search PubMed and Web of Science databases for TI-related literature and analyze the findings. We analyzed studies involving preclinical, human, and computer simulations, and then discussed the mechanism and safety of TI. Finally, we identified the gaps and outlined potential future directions. We believe that TI is a promising technology for the treatment of neurological movement disorders, due to its superior focality, steerability, and tolerability compared to traditional electrical stimulation. However, human experiments have yielded fewer and inconsistent results, thus animal and simulation experiments are still required to perfect stimulation protocols for human trials.