Wheat bran inclusion level impacts its net energy by shaping gut microbiota and regulating heat production in gestating sows

An accurate estimation of net energy (NE) of wheat bran is essential for precision feeding of sows. However, the effects of inclusion level on NE of wheat bran have not been reported. Inclusion level was hypothesized to impact NE of wheat bran by regulating gut microbiota and partitioning of heat production. Therefore, twelve multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace; 2 to 4 parity) were assigned to a replicated 3 × 6 Youden square with 3 successive periods and 6 diets in each square. The experiment included a corn-soybean meal diet (WB0) and five diets including 9.8% (WB10), 19.5% (WB20), 29.2% (WB30), 39.0% (WB40) and 48.7% wheat bran (WB50), respectively. Each period included 6 d of adaptation to diets followed by 6 d for heat production measurement using open-circuit respiration chambers. Compared with other groups, WB30, WB40, and WB50 enriched different fiber-degrading bacteria genera (P < 0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of wheat bran were greater in WB30 and WB40 (P < 0.05). Physical activity (standing and sitting) decreased as inclusion level increased (P = 0.04), which tended to decrease related heat production (P = 0.07). Thermic effect of feeding (TEF) was higher in WB50 than other treatments (P < 0.01). Metabolizable energy of wheat bran was similar among treatment groups (except for WB10). NE of wheat bran conformed to a quadratic regression equation with inclusion level (R(2) = 0.99, P < 0.01) and peaked at an inclusion level of 35.3%. In conclusion, increasing inclusion level decreased energy expenditure of sows on physical activity and promoted growth of fiber-degrading bacteria, which improved energy utilization of fiber. Fermentation of wheat bran fiber by Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 and norank_f__Paludibacteraceae might increase TEF. Consequently, sows utilized energy in wheat bran most efficiently at an inclusion level of 35.3%.