Cargando…
Legionellosis on the rise: A scoping review of sporadic, community-acquired incidence in the United States
Over the past two decades, the incidence of legionellosis has been steadily increasing in the United States though there is noclear explanation for the main factors driving the increase. While legionellosis is the leading cause of waterborne outbreaks in the US, most cases are sporadic and acquired...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Cambridge University Press
2023
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10540183/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37503568 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268823001206 |
_version_ | 1785113660817932288 |
---|---|
author | Moffa, Michelle A. Rock, Clare Galiatsatos, Panagis Gamage, Shantini D. Schwab, Kellogg J. Exum, Natalie G. |
author_facet | Moffa, Michelle A. Rock, Clare Galiatsatos, Panagis Gamage, Shantini D. Schwab, Kellogg J. Exum, Natalie G. |
author_sort | Moffa, Michelle A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Over the past two decades, the incidence of legionellosis has been steadily increasing in the United States though there is noclear explanation for the main factors driving the increase. While legionellosis is the leading cause of waterborne outbreaks in the US, most cases are sporadic and acquired in community settings where the environmental source is never identified. This scoping review aimed to summarise the drivers of infections in the USA and determine the magnitude of impact each potential driver may have. A total of 1,738 titles were screened, and 18 articles were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Strong evidence was found for precipitation as a major driver, and both temperature and relative humidity were found to be moderate drivers of incidence. Increased testing and improved diagnostic methods were classified as moderate drivers, and the ageing U.S. population was a minor driver of increasing incidence. Racial and socioeconomic inequities and water and housing infrastructure were found to be potential factors explaining the increasing incidence though they were largely understudied in the context of non-outbreak cases. Understanding the complex relationships between environmental, infrastructure, and population factors driving legionellosis incidence is important to optimise mitigation strategies and public policy. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10540183 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Cambridge University Press |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-105401832023-09-30 Legionellosis on the rise: A scoping review of sporadic, community-acquired incidence in the United States Moffa, Michelle A. Rock, Clare Galiatsatos, Panagis Gamage, Shantini D. Schwab, Kellogg J. Exum, Natalie G. Epidemiol Infect Original Paper Over the past two decades, the incidence of legionellosis has been steadily increasing in the United States though there is noclear explanation for the main factors driving the increase. While legionellosis is the leading cause of waterborne outbreaks in the US, most cases are sporadic and acquired in community settings where the environmental source is never identified. This scoping review aimed to summarise the drivers of infections in the USA and determine the magnitude of impact each potential driver may have. A total of 1,738 titles were screened, and 18 articles were identified that met the inclusion criteria. Strong evidence was found for precipitation as a major driver, and both temperature and relative humidity were found to be moderate drivers of incidence. Increased testing and improved diagnostic methods were classified as moderate drivers, and the ageing U.S. population was a minor driver of increasing incidence. Racial and socioeconomic inequities and water and housing infrastructure were found to be potential factors explaining the increasing incidence though they were largely understudied in the context of non-outbreak cases. Understanding the complex relationships between environmental, infrastructure, and population factors driving legionellosis incidence is important to optimise mitigation strategies and public policy. Cambridge University Press 2023-07-28 /pmc/articles/PMC10540183/ /pubmed/37503568 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268823001206 Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Original Paper Moffa, Michelle A. Rock, Clare Galiatsatos, Panagis Gamage, Shantini D. Schwab, Kellogg J. Exum, Natalie G. Legionellosis on the rise: A scoping review of sporadic, community-acquired incidence in the United States |
title | Legionellosis on the rise: A scoping review of sporadic, community-acquired incidence in the United States |
title_full | Legionellosis on the rise: A scoping review of sporadic, community-acquired incidence in the United States |
title_fullStr | Legionellosis on the rise: A scoping review of sporadic, community-acquired incidence in the United States |
title_full_unstemmed | Legionellosis on the rise: A scoping review of sporadic, community-acquired incidence in the United States |
title_short | Legionellosis on the rise: A scoping review of sporadic, community-acquired incidence in the United States |
title_sort | legionellosis on the rise: a scoping review of sporadic, community-acquired incidence in the united states |
topic | Original Paper |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10540183/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37503568 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268823001206 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT moffamichellea legionellosisontheriseascopingreviewofsporadiccommunityacquiredincidenceintheunitedstates AT rockclare legionellosisontheriseascopingreviewofsporadiccommunityacquiredincidenceintheunitedstates AT galiatsatospanagis legionellosisontheriseascopingreviewofsporadiccommunityacquiredincidenceintheunitedstates AT gamageshantinid legionellosisontheriseascopingreviewofsporadiccommunityacquiredincidenceintheunitedstates AT schwabkelloggj legionellosisontheriseascopingreviewofsporadiccommunityacquiredincidenceintheunitedstates AT exumnatalieg legionellosisontheriseascopingreviewofsporadiccommunityacquiredincidenceintheunitedstates |