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A loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with Gram‐negative bacteria
Liquid soap dispensers are widely used in domestic and clinical settings. In previous studies, the risk of bacterial contamination of refillable systems was pointed out and a bacterial contamination rate of 25%, with values of up to 10(8) colony‐forming units/mL (CFU/mL), was reported. However, the...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541457/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37877653 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1384 |
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author | Lucassen, Ralf van Leuven, Nicole Bockmühl, Dirk |
author_facet | Lucassen, Ralf van Leuven, Nicole Bockmühl, Dirk |
author_sort | Lucassen, Ralf |
collection | PubMed |
description | Liquid soap dispensers are widely used in domestic and clinical settings. In previous studies, the risk of bacterial contamination of refillable systems was pointed out and a bacterial contamination rate of 25%, with values of up to 10(8) colony‐forming units/mL (CFU/mL), was reported. However, the route of contamination remains elusive. To address this point, we determined the microbial contamination of refillable standard pump dispensers and nonrefillable press‐dispenser systems. Following the collection of 104 liquid soap dispensers from hotel rooms across Germany, bacterial counts were determined. Isolates of samples containing nonfastidious Gram‐negative((lac−)) bacteria were further analyzed by the Vitek 2 system for the determination of species. 70.2% of the refillable pump dispensers (mean total bacterial count = 2.2 × 10(5) CFU/mL) but only 10.6% of the nonrefillable press dispensers, were contaminated (mean total bacterial count = 1.5 × 10(1) CFU/mL). Of samples containing nonfastidious Gram‐negative ((lac−)) bacteria, Pluralibacter gergoviae was present in 41.7%, Pseudomonads (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida) in 25%, Serratia marcescens in 16.7%, and Klebsiella oxytoca and Pasteurella testudinis in 8.3%. After the initial assessment, we contaminated different dispensing systems with P. aeruginosa/P. gergoviae, to reveal the route of contamination and identied the pressure release of standard pump dispensers as the loophole for microbial contamination. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10541457 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-105414572023-10-01 A loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with Gram‐negative bacteria Lucassen, Ralf van Leuven, Nicole Bockmühl, Dirk Microbiologyopen Original Articles Liquid soap dispensers are widely used in domestic and clinical settings. In previous studies, the risk of bacterial contamination of refillable systems was pointed out and a bacterial contamination rate of 25%, with values of up to 10(8) colony‐forming units/mL (CFU/mL), was reported. However, the route of contamination remains elusive. To address this point, we determined the microbial contamination of refillable standard pump dispensers and nonrefillable press‐dispenser systems. Following the collection of 104 liquid soap dispensers from hotel rooms across Germany, bacterial counts were determined. Isolates of samples containing nonfastidious Gram‐negative((lac−)) bacteria were further analyzed by the Vitek 2 system for the determination of species. 70.2% of the refillable pump dispensers (mean total bacterial count = 2.2 × 10(5) CFU/mL) but only 10.6% of the nonrefillable press dispensers, were contaminated (mean total bacterial count = 1.5 × 10(1) CFU/mL). Of samples containing nonfastidious Gram‐negative ((lac−)) bacteria, Pluralibacter gergoviae was present in 41.7%, Pseudomonads (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida) in 25%, Serratia marcescens in 16.7%, and Klebsiella oxytoca and Pasteurella testudinis in 8.3%. After the initial assessment, we contaminated different dispensing systems with P. aeruginosa/P. gergoviae, to reveal the route of contamination and identied the pressure release of standard pump dispensers as the loophole for microbial contamination. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2023-09-29 /pmc/articles/PMC10541457/ /pubmed/37877653 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1384 Text en © 2023 The Authors. MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Original Articles Lucassen, Ralf van Leuven, Nicole Bockmühl, Dirk A loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with Gram‐negative bacteria |
title | A loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with Gram‐negative bacteria |
title_full | A loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with Gram‐negative bacteria |
title_fullStr | A loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with Gram‐negative bacteria |
title_full_unstemmed | A loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with Gram‐negative bacteria |
title_short | A loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with Gram‐negative bacteria |
title_sort | loophole in soap dispensers mediates contamination with gram‐negative bacteria |
topic | Original Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541457/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37877653 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.1384 |
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