Role of microRNAs in the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and intestinal immune system

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA species involved in diverse physiological processes, including immunity. Accumulating evidence suggests that miRNA-induced gene silencing plays a significant role in the regulation of the intestinal immune system by the gut commensal microbiota. This review aims to provide an overview of the intestinal miRNA-mediated crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host intestinal immune system. First, we describe the role of miRNAs in regulating the intestinal immune system. Then we describe the effect of the gut microbiota on intestinal miRNA expression. Subsequently, we describe the role of miRNAs in the modulation of the intestinal immune system by the gut microbiota. Finally, we describe the effect of host miRNAs on the gut microbiota. Although the entire picture of this complex crosstalk remains unclear, efforts to unravel it will contribute significantly to developing new strategies for preventing and treating intestinal immune disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease.