Social Determinants of Health–Related Z Codes and Health Care Among Patients With Hypertension

INTRODUCTION: Tracking social needs can provide information on barriers to controlling hypertension and the need for wraparound services. No recent studies have examined ICD-10-CM social determinants of health–related Z codes (Z55–Z65) to indicate social needs with a focus on patients with hypertension. METHODS: Three cohorts were identified with a diagnosis of hypertension during 2016–2017 and continuously enrolled in fee-for-service insurance through June 2021: (1) commercial, age 18–64 years (n=1,024,012); (2) private insurance to supplement Medicare (Medicare Supplement), age ≥65 years (n=296,340); and (3) Medicaid, age ≥18 years (n=146,484). Both the proportion of patients and healthcare encounters or visits with social determinants of health–related Z code were summarized annually. Patient and visit characteristics were summarized for 2019. RESULTS: In 2020, the highest annual documentation of social determinants of health–related Z codes was among Medicaid beneficiaries (3.02%, 0.46% commercial, 0.42% Medicare Supplement); documentation was higher among inpatient than among outpatient visits for all insurance types. Z63 (related to primary support group) was more common among commercial and Medicare Supplement beneficiaries, and Z59 (housing and economic circumstances) was more common among Medicaid beneficiaries. The 2019 total unadjusted medical expenditures were 1.85, 1.78, and 1.61 times higher for those with social determinants of health–related Z code than for those without commercial, Medicare Supplement, and Medicaid, respectively. Patients with social determinants of health–related Z code also had higher proportions of diagnosed chronic conditions. Among Medicaid beneficiaries, differences in the presence of social determinants of health–related Z code by race or ethnicity were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Although currently underreported, social determinants of health–related Z codes provide an opportunity to integrate social and medical data and may help decision makers understand the need for additional services among individuals with hypertension.