Zymosan A Improved Doxorubicin‐Induced Ventricular Remodeling by Evoking Heightened Cardiac Inflammatory Responses and Healing in Mice

BACKGROUND: Doxorubicin‐induced myocardial injury is reflected by the presence of vacuolization in both clinical and animal models. The lack of scar tissue to replace the vacuolizated cardiomyocytes indicates that insufficient cardiac inflammation and healing occurred following doxorubicin injection. Whether improved macrophage activity by zymosan A (zymosan) ameliorates doxorubicin‐induced ventricular remodeling in mice is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mice were intravenously injected with vehicle or doxorubicin (5 mg/kg per week, 4 weeks), and cardiac structure and function were assessed by echocardiography. Two distinct macrophage subsets in hearts following doxorubicin injection were measured at different time points by flow cytometry. Moreover, cardiomyocyte vacuolization, capillary density, collagen content, and ventricular tensile strength were assessed. The therapeutic effect of zymosan (3 mg/kg, single injection) on doxorubicin‐induced changes in the aforementioned parameters was determined. At the cellular level, the polarization of monocytes to proinflammatory or reparative macrophages were measured, with or without doxorubicin (0.25 and 0.5 μmol/L). Doxorubicin led to less proinflammatory and reparative macrophage infiltration in the heart in the early phase, with decreased cardiac capillary density and collagen III in the chronic phase. In cell culture, doxorubicin (0.5 μmol/L) repressed macrophage transition toward both proinflammatory and reparative subset. Zymosan enhanced both proinflammatory and reparative macrophage infiltration in doxorubicin‐injected hearts, evoking a heightened acute inflammatory response. Zymosan alleviated doxorubicin‐induced cardiomyocyte vacuolization in the chronic phase, in parallel with enhanced collagen content, capillary density, and ventricular tensile strength. CONCLUSIONS: Zymosan improved cardiac healing and ameliorated doxorubicin‐induced ventricular remodeling and dysfunction by activating macrophages at an optimal time.