Treatment of infected predators under the influence of fear-induced refuge

In this research, we delve into the dynamics of an infected predator–prey system in the presence of fear and refuge, presenting a novel inclusion of treatment for infected individuals in this type of model. Through our analytical efforts, we establish a significant reproduction number that holds a pivotal role in determining disease extinction or persistence within the system. A noteworthy threshold value for this reproduction number delineates a boundary below which the infected population cannot endure in the system. It’s important to note that a range of reproduction numbers leads to both disease-free and endemic scenarios, yet the stability of these situations is contingent upon the initial population sizes. Furthermore, our investigation extends to the exploration of various types of bifurcation-namely, Backward, Saddle-node, and Hopf bifurcations. These findings unravel the intricate and diverse dynamics of the system. Of particular significance is the derivation of an optimal control policy for treatment, augmenting the practical utility of our work. The robustness of our analytical findings is fortified through meticulous verification via numerical simulations. These simulations not only bolster the credibility of our analytical results but also enhance their accessibility. Our study unveils that fear, refuge, and treatment possess individual capabilities to eradicate the disease from the system. Notably, increasing levels of fear and refuge exert a passive influence on the elimination of the infected population, whereas treatment wields an active influence-a crucial insight that bolsters the foundation of our model. Furthermore, our investigation uncovers a spectrum of system dynamics including bistability, one-period, two-period, and multi-period/chaotic behavior. These discoveries contribute to a profound enrichment of the system’s dynamic landscape.