Desialylated Platelet Clearance in the Liver is a Novel Mechanism of Systemic Immunosuppression

Platelets are small, versatile blood cells that are critical for hemostasis/thrombosis. Local platelet accumulation is a known contributor to proinflammation in various disease states. However, the anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive potential of platelets has been poorly explored. Here, we uncovered, unexpectedly, desialylated platelets (dPLTs) down-regulated immune responses against both platelet-associated and -independent antigen challenges. Utilizing multispectral photoacoustic tomography, we tracked dPLT trafficking to gut vasculature and an exclusive Kupffer cell-mediated dPLT clearance in the liver, a process that we identified to be synergistically dependent on platelet glycoprotein Ibα and hepatic Ashwell–Morell receptor. Mechanistically, Kupffer cell clearance of dPLT potentiated a systemic immunosuppressive state with increased anti-inflammatory cytokines and circulating CD4(+) regulatory T cells, abolishable by Kupffer cell depletion. Last, in a clinically relevant model of hemophilia A, presensitization with dPLT attenuated anti-factor VIII antibody production after factor VIII ( infusion. As platelet desialylation commonly occurs in daily-aged and activated platelets, these findings open new avenues toward understanding immune homeostasis and potentiate the therapeutic potential of dPLT and engineered dPLT transfusions in controlling autoimmune and alloimmune diseases.