Disseminated adrenal histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent adult from Nepal: a case report

INTRODUCTION: Histoplasmosis is caused by the environmental fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. In immunocompromised patients, histoplasmosis can present as a disseminated infection that can involve the liver, lymph nodes, lungs, and adrenal glands. Disseminated histoplasmosis affecting the adrenal glands in an immunocompetent individual is a rare infection. CASE PRESENTATION: A 53-year-old male without HIV complained of weight loss of 15 kg in 6 months. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen was done, which showed bilateral adrenal gland hyperplasia with hepatosplenomegaly. Endoscopic ultrasound fine needle aspiration of the adrenal gland revealed numerous budding yeast forms of Histoplasma intracellularly within the macrophages. A diagnosis of disseminated adrenal histoplasmosis was made. Liposomal amphotericin B and itraconazole therapy was started. DISCUSSION: Disseminated histoplasmosis is commonly present in immunocompromised individuals. Immunocompetent individuals may also present with the disseminated form of the disease, which typically involves the adrenal glands. CT scan of the abdomen shows bulky adrenal glands with normal configuration, peripheral enhancement, and central hypodensities due to necrosis and/or hemorrhage. This might be a common presentation in other disseminated infections. Therefore, a definitive visualization of H. capsulatum in tissue specimens is the best method to confirm the diagnosis in a patient. CONCLUSION: Physicians must be suspicious of disseminated adrenal histoplasmosis in patients presenting with enlarged adrenal glands, even in immunocompetent individuals who are from endemic regions. Histopathological or cytological evaluation is the best method to establish a diagnosis.