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Parkinson’s disease updates: Addressing the pathophysiology, risk factors, genetics, diagnosis, along with the medical and surgical treatment
After only Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. The incidence of this disease increases with age, especially for those above 70 years old. There are many risk factors that are well-established in the contribution to the developmen...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10553032/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37811009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000001142 |
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author | Prajjwal, Priyadarshi Flores Sanga, Herson S Acharya, Kirtish Tango, Tamara John, Jobby Rodriguez, Rene S.C. Dheyaa Marsool Marsool, Mohammed Sulaimanov, Mukhamed Ahmed, Aneeqa Hussin, Omniat A. |
author_facet | Prajjwal, Priyadarshi Flores Sanga, Herson S Acharya, Kirtish Tango, Tamara John, Jobby Rodriguez, Rene S.C. Dheyaa Marsool Marsool, Mohammed Sulaimanov, Mukhamed Ahmed, Aneeqa Hussin, Omniat A. |
author_sort | Prajjwal, Priyadarshi |
collection | PubMed |
description | After only Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. The incidence of this disease increases with age, especially for those above 70 years old. There are many risk factors that are well-established in the contribution to the development of PD, such as age, gender, ethnicity, rapid eye movement sleep disorder, high consumption of dairy products, traumatic brain injury, genetics, and pesticides/herbicides. Interestingly, smoking, consumption of caffeine, and physical activities are the protective factors of PD. A deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra of the brainstem is the main pathology. This, subsequently, alters the neurotransmitter, causing an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals. In addition, genetics is also involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. As a result, patients exhibit characteristic motor symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, bradykinesia, and postural instability, along with non-motor symptoms, including dementia, urinary incontinence, sleeping disturbances, and orthostatic hypotension. PD may resemble other diseases; therefore, it is important to pay attention to the diagnosis criteria. Parkinson’s disease dementia can share common features with AD; this can include behavioral as well as psychiatric symptoms, in addition to the pathology being protein aggregate accumulation in the brain. For PD management, the administration of pharmacological treatment depends on the motor symptoms experienced by the patients. Non-pharmacological treatment plays a role as adjuvant therapy, while surgical management is indicated in chronic cases. This paper aims to review the etiology, risk factors, protective factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, associated conditions, and management of PD. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10553032 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-105530322023-10-06 Parkinson’s disease updates: Addressing the pathophysiology, risk factors, genetics, diagnosis, along with the medical and surgical treatment Prajjwal, Priyadarshi Flores Sanga, Herson S Acharya, Kirtish Tango, Tamara John, Jobby Rodriguez, Rene S.C. Dheyaa Marsool Marsool, Mohammed Sulaimanov, Mukhamed Ahmed, Aneeqa Hussin, Omniat A. Ann Med Surg (Lond) Reviews After only Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease. The incidence of this disease increases with age, especially for those above 70 years old. There are many risk factors that are well-established in the contribution to the development of PD, such as age, gender, ethnicity, rapid eye movement sleep disorder, high consumption of dairy products, traumatic brain injury, genetics, and pesticides/herbicides. Interestingly, smoking, consumption of caffeine, and physical activities are the protective factors of PD. A deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra of the brainstem is the main pathology. This, subsequently, alters the neurotransmitter, causing an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signals. In addition, genetics is also involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. As a result, patients exhibit characteristic motor symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, bradykinesia, and postural instability, along with non-motor symptoms, including dementia, urinary incontinence, sleeping disturbances, and orthostatic hypotension. PD may resemble other diseases; therefore, it is important to pay attention to the diagnosis criteria. Parkinson’s disease dementia can share common features with AD; this can include behavioral as well as psychiatric symptoms, in addition to the pathology being protein aggregate accumulation in the brain. For PD management, the administration of pharmacological treatment depends on the motor symptoms experienced by the patients. Non-pharmacological treatment plays a role as adjuvant therapy, while surgical management is indicated in chronic cases. This paper aims to review the etiology, risk factors, protective factors, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, associated conditions, and management of PD. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2023-08-08 /pmc/articles/PMC10553032/ /pubmed/37811009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000001142 Text en Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) (CCBY), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) |
spellingShingle | Reviews Prajjwal, Priyadarshi Flores Sanga, Herson S Acharya, Kirtish Tango, Tamara John, Jobby Rodriguez, Rene S.C. Dheyaa Marsool Marsool, Mohammed Sulaimanov, Mukhamed Ahmed, Aneeqa Hussin, Omniat A. Parkinson’s disease updates: Addressing the pathophysiology, risk factors, genetics, diagnosis, along with the medical and surgical treatment |
title | Parkinson’s disease updates: Addressing the pathophysiology, risk factors, genetics, diagnosis, along with the medical and surgical treatment |
title_full | Parkinson’s disease updates: Addressing the pathophysiology, risk factors, genetics, diagnosis, along with the medical and surgical treatment |
title_fullStr | Parkinson’s disease updates: Addressing the pathophysiology, risk factors, genetics, diagnosis, along with the medical and surgical treatment |
title_full_unstemmed | Parkinson’s disease updates: Addressing the pathophysiology, risk factors, genetics, diagnosis, along with the medical and surgical treatment |
title_short | Parkinson’s disease updates: Addressing the pathophysiology, risk factors, genetics, diagnosis, along with the medical and surgical treatment |
title_sort | parkinson’s disease updates: addressing the pathophysiology, risk factors, genetics, diagnosis, along with the medical and surgical treatment |
topic | Reviews |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10553032/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37811009 http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000001142 |
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