Clinical characteristics and long-term follow-up outcomes of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease in Han Chinese participants

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is an immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. This study aimed to delineate the clinical manifestations, imaging features, and long-term outcomes in Chinese patients with MOGAD and analyze the recurrence-associated factors. The phenotypic and neuroimaging characteristics of 15 Han Chinese patients with MOGAD were retrospectively analyzed. Demyelinating attacks, MOG antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid/serum, response to immunotherapy, follow-up outcomes, and recurrence-associated factors were recorded. The median age at disease onset was 34 years (range, 4–65 years). The most common initial presentations included vision loss (10/15, 66.7%) and seizures (5/15, 33.3%). Serum MOG-Ab titers in 14/15 cases were higher than those in the cerebrospinal fluid and were detected in 3/6 relapsed patients. Brain magnetic resonance imaging during acute attacks showed lesions in 10/15 patients (66.7%), mostly in the cortex/subcortical white matter (5/15, 33.3%). Recurrence occurred in 6/15 patients (40.0%); in 4 patients, recurrence occurred shortly after immunotherapy discontinuation. Residual neurological deficits were present in 5/15 patients (33.3%), including visual impairment, incapacitation, cognitive impairment, and speech reduction. Optic neuritis was the most common clinical manifestation of MOGAD. magnetic resonance imaging findings were heterogeneous and the cerebral cortex/subcortical white matter was the most susceptible brain region. Although patients in the acute phase responded well to methylprednisolone pulse therapy, the long-term recurrence rate was high. Consistently detected serum MOG antibodies and inappropriate maintenance immunotherapy may be associated with recurrence, and residual neurological deficits should not be ignored.