Revisiting Coley’s Toxins: Immunogenic Cardiolipins from Streptococcus pyogenes

[Image: see text] Coley’s toxins, an early and enigmatic form of cancer (immuno)therapy, were based on preparations of Streptococcus pyogenes. As part of a program to explore bacterial metabolites with immunomodulatory potential, S. pyogenes metabolites were assayed in a cell-based immune assay, and a single membrane lipid, 18:1/18:0/18:1/18:0 cardiolipin, was identified. Its activity was profiled in additional cellular assays, which showed it to be an agonist of a TLR2–TLR1 signaling pathway with a 6 μM EC(50) and robust TNF-α induction. A synthetic analog with switched acyl chains had no measurable activity in immune assays. The identification of a single immunogenic cardiolipin with a restricted structure–activity profile has implications for immune regulation, cancer immunotherapy, and poststreptococcal autoimmune diseases.