How to Survive a (Juvenile) Piranha Attack: An Integrative Approach to Evaluating Predator Performance

FIGURES: 1. Cory cat panel figure. 2. Drawing of bite force measuring equipment and indentation rig. 3. Pygocentrus nattereri jaw muscle morphology and skull anatomy. 4. Box plot grid of number of Pygocentrus nattereri bites before puncture along different body regions of Corydoras trilineatus during feeding trials results. 5. Drawing of color-coded Corydoras trilineatus with attack frequencies and average bites until puncture by Pygocentrus nattereri. 6. Box plot of average voluntary juvenile Pygocentrus nattereri bite forces to standard length. 7. Panel of linear ordinary least-squares regressions of Pygocentrus nattereri bite force to adductor mandibulae mass, standard length, and body mass. 8. Ordinary least-squares regressions of voluntary bites to restrained bites of Pygocentrus nattereri. 9. Panel of indentation tests for intact and removed Corydoras trilineatus scutes. 10. Panel of indentation tests for Corydoras trilineatus body region. SYNOPSIS: There is an evolutionary arms race between predators and prey. In aquatic environments, predatory fishes often use sharp teeth, powerful bites, and/or streamlined bodies to help capture their prey quickly and efficiently. Conversely, prey are often equipped with antipredator adaptations including: scaly armor, sharp spines, and/or toxic secretions. This study focused on the predator–prey interactions between the armored threestripe cory catfish (Corydoras trilineatus) and juvenile red-bellied piranha (Pygocentrus nattereri). Specifically, we investigated how resistant cory catfish armor is to a range of natural and theoretical piranha bite forces and how often this protection translated to survival from predator attacks by Corydoras. We measured the bite force and jaw functional morphology of P. nattereri, the puncture resistance of defensive scutes in C. trilineatus, and the in situ predatory interactions between the two. The adductor mandibulae muscle in juvenile P. nattereri is robust and delivers an average bite force of 1.03 N and maximum bite force of 9.71 N, yet its prey, C. trilineatus, survived 37% of confirmed bites without any damage. The C. trilineatus armor withstood an average of nine bites before puncture by P. nattereri. Predation was successful only when piranhas bit unarmored areas of the body, at the opercular opening and at the caudal peduncle. This study used an integrative approach to understand the outcomes of predator–prey interactions by evaluating the link between morphology and feeding behavior. We found that juvenile P. nattereri rarely used a maximal bite force and displayed a net predation success rate on par with other adult vertebrates. Conversely, C. trilineatus successfully avoided predation by orienting predator attacks toward their resilient, axial armor and behavioral strategies that reduced the predator's ability to bite in less armored regions of the body.