Infrastructure tools to support an effective Radiation Oncology Learning Health System

PURPOSE: Radiation Oncology Learning Health System (RO‐LHS) is a promising approach to improve the quality of care by integrating clinical, dosimetry, treatment delivery, research data in real‐time. This paper describes a novel set of tools to support the development of a RO‐LHS and the current challenges they can address. METHODS: We present a knowledge graph‐based approach to map radiotherapy data from clinical databases to an ontology‐based data repository using FAIR concepts. This strategy ensures that the data are easily discoverable, accessible, and can be used by other clinical decision support systems. It allows for visualization, presentation, and data analyses of valuable information to identify trends and patterns in patient outcomes. We designed a search engine that utilizes ontology‐based keyword searching, synonym‐based term matching that leverages the hierarchical nature of ontologies to retrieve patient records based on parent and children classes, connects to the Bioportal database for relevant clinical attributes retrieval. To identify similar patients, a method involving text corpus creation and vector embedding models (Word2Vec, Doc2Vec, GloVe, and FastText) are employed, using cosine similarity and distance metrics. RESULTS: The data pipeline and tool were tested with 1660 patient clinical and dosimetry records resulting in 504 180 RDF (Resource Description Framework) tuples and visualized data relationships using graph‐based representations. Patient similarity analysis using embedding models showed that the Word2Vec model had the highest mean cosine similarity, while the GloVe model exhibited more compact embeddings with lower Euclidean and Manhattan distances. CONCLUSIONS: The framework and tools described support the development of a RO‐LHS. By integrating diverse data sources and facilitating data discovery and analysis, they contribute to continuous learning and improvement in patient care. The tools enhance the quality of care by enabling the identification of cohorts, clinical decision support, and the development of clinical studies and machine learning programs in radiation oncology.