Entropy production with the flow of nanomaterials through the permeable stretched surface with heterogeneous–homogenous chemical reaction

In various thermodynamic procedures and the optimisation of thermal manipulation, nanofluids flowing through porous media represent an emerging perspective. The main objective of this study, from the perspective of thermal applications, was the investigation of the flow of nanofluid over a horizontal stretched surface embedded in a porous medium. The effects of the chemical reactions on the surface, magnetic field, and thermal radiations were invoked in the mathematical formulation. The non-Darcy model examines the fluid flow in the porous media. The principles of thermodynamics were employed to integrate entropy optimisation methods with the established theoretical approach to analyse the thermal behaviour of nanomaterials in the chemical reactive diffusion processes. Using the Tiwari-Das nanofluid model, the volume fraction of the nanomaterials was merged in the mathematical equation for the flow model. Water was taken as a base fluid and nanoparticles composed of aluminium oxide (Al(2)O(3)) and silver (Ag) were used. The significance of radiation, heat production, and ohmic heating were included in the energy equation. Furthermore, an innovative mathematical model for the diffusion of the autocatalytic reactive species in the boundary layer flow was developed for a linear horizontally stretched surface embedded in a homogeneous non-Darcy porous medium saturated with the nanofluid. The computer-based built-in bvp5c method was used to compute numerically these equations for varied parameters. It is clear that the magnetic parameter has a reversal influence on the entropy rate and velocity. Temperature and velocity are affected in the opposite direction from a higher volume fraction estimate. Thermal field and entropy were increased when the radiation action intensified. The inclusion of nanoparticle fraction by the volume fraction of nanoparticles and Brinkman number also enhances the system entropy. Entropy production can be minimized with the involvement of the porosity factor within the surface.