Prevalence of appendicolith in children with acute appendicitis and its correlation with disease severity

OBJECTIVE: Appendicitis typically develops secondary to obstruction of appendiceal lumen and one of the causes of obstruction is appendicolith. Appendicolith has become a relevant issue due to heightened interest in the treatment of uncomplicated appendicitis with antibiotics. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of appendicolith in pediatric patients with appendicitis and to investigate the association between the presence of appendicoliths and radiological disease severity. METHODS: Patients under the age of 18 diagnosed with appendicitis between March 2021 and April 2022 and had available preoperative computed tomography (CT) images were identified retrospectively. The presence of an appendicolith and if present, its longest diameter in the axial plane, its visibility on direct radiographs, appendiceal diameter, degree of inflammation, and the presence of perforation were evaluated. Radiological severity of inflammation was rated on a 3-point scale. RESULTS: CT scans were available in 77 (32.1%) of 240 patients with histopathologically confirmed diagnosis of acute appendicitis. 39% (n=30) of the patients were girls and the median age was 13 years. The prevalence of appendicoliths detected on CT scans was 32.5% (n=25) and the median size of appendicoliths was 6 mm. In only 1 patient, appendicolith was detected by direct radiography. The median appendiceal diameter was significantly greater in the group with appendicoliths (10 mm vs. 8 mm; p=0.001). A moderate correlation was found between appendicolith size and appendiceal diameter (r=0.407, p=0.043). Perforation was present in 10.4% (n=8) of the patients with appendicitis and 25% (n=2) of them had appendicoliths. The presence of appendicoliths was not significantly associated with the occurrence of perforation (p=0.485). Periappendiceal inflammation scores were 1.52±0.74 in the group with appendicoliths and 1.42±0.63 in the group without appendicoliths (p=0.591). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CT-detected appendicoliths was 32.5% in pediatric patients with appendicitis. Patients with appendicoliths showed higher inflammation scores and greater appendiceal diameter than those without appendicoliths. These factors may be associated with poor outcomes in patients with appendicoliths treated with antibiotics. Therefore, knowledge of the prevalence of appendicoliths and questioning their presence may guide clinicians when deciding on the suitability of nonoperative treatment in a patient diagnosed with uncomplicated acute appendicitis.