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Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation
Inflammation, although necessary to fight infections, becomes a threat when it exceeds the capability of the immune system to control it. In addition, inflammation is a cause and/or symptom of many different disorders, including metabolic, neurodegenerative, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. C...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10566067/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37817178 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12964-023-01306-x |
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author | Gałgańska, Hanna Jarmuszkiewicz, Wieslawa Gałgański, Łukasz |
author_facet | Gałgańska, Hanna Jarmuszkiewicz, Wieslawa Gałgański, Łukasz |
author_sort | Gałgańska, Hanna |
collection | PubMed |
description | Inflammation, although necessary to fight infections, becomes a threat when it exceeds the capability of the immune system to control it. In addition, inflammation is a cause and/or symptom of many different disorders, including metabolic, neurodegenerative, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Comorbidities and advanced age are typical predictors of more severe cases of seasonal viral infection, with COVID-19 a clear example. The primary importance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the course of COVID-19 is evident in the mechanisms by which cells are infected with SARS-CoV-2; the cytokine storm that profoundly worsens a patient’s condition; the pathogenesis of diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, that contribute to a worsened prognosis; and post-COVID-19 complications, such as brain fog and thrombosis. An increasing number of reports have revealed that MAPKs are regulated by carbon dioxide (CO(2)); hence, we reviewed the literature to identify associations between CO(2) and MAPKs and possible therapeutic benefits resulting from the elevation of CO(2) levels. CO(2) regulates key processes leading to and resulting from inflammation, and the therapeutic effects of CO(2) (or bicarbonate, HCO(3)(−)) have been documented in all of the abovementioned comorbidities and complications of COVID-19 in which MAPKs play roles. The overlapping MAPK and CO(2) signalling pathways in the contexts of allergy, apoptosis and cell survival, pulmonary oedema (alveolar fluid resorption), and mechanical ventilation–induced responses in lungs and related to mitochondria are also discussed. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-023-01306-x. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10566067 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-105660672023-10-12 Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation Gałgańska, Hanna Jarmuszkiewicz, Wieslawa Gałgański, Łukasz Cell Commun Signal Review Inflammation, although necessary to fight infections, becomes a threat when it exceeds the capability of the immune system to control it. In addition, inflammation is a cause and/or symptom of many different disorders, including metabolic, neurodegenerative, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases. Comorbidities and advanced age are typical predictors of more severe cases of seasonal viral infection, with COVID-19 a clear example. The primary importance of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the course of COVID-19 is evident in the mechanisms by which cells are infected with SARS-CoV-2; the cytokine storm that profoundly worsens a patient’s condition; the pathogenesis of diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension, that contribute to a worsened prognosis; and post-COVID-19 complications, such as brain fog and thrombosis. An increasing number of reports have revealed that MAPKs are regulated by carbon dioxide (CO(2)); hence, we reviewed the literature to identify associations between CO(2) and MAPKs and possible therapeutic benefits resulting from the elevation of CO(2) levels. CO(2) regulates key processes leading to and resulting from inflammation, and the therapeutic effects of CO(2) (or bicarbonate, HCO(3)(−)) have been documented in all of the abovementioned comorbidities and complications of COVID-19 in which MAPKs play roles. The overlapping MAPK and CO(2) signalling pathways in the contexts of allergy, apoptosis and cell survival, pulmonary oedema (alveolar fluid resorption), and mechanical ventilation–induced responses in lungs and related to mitochondria are also discussed. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-023-01306-x. BioMed Central 2023-10-10 /pmc/articles/PMC10566067/ /pubmed/37817178 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12964-023-01306-x Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Review Gałgańska, Hanna Jarmuszkiewicz, Wieslawa Gałgański, Łukasz Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation |
title | Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation |
title_full | Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation |
title_fullStr | Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation |
title_full_unstemmed | Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation |
title_short | Carbon dioxide and MAPK signalling: towards therapy for inflammation |
title_sort | carbon dioxide and mapk signalling: towards therapy for inflammation |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10566067/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37817178 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12964-023-01306-x |
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