A clock-dependent brake for rhythmic arousal in the dorsomedial hypothalamus

Circadian clocks generate rhythms of arousal, but the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain unclear. In Drosophila, the clock output molecule WIDE AWAKE (WAKE) labels rhythmic neural networks and cyclically regulates sleep and arousal. Here, we show, in a male mouse model, that mWAKE/ANKFN1 labels a subpopulation of dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) neurons involved in rhythmic arousal and acts in the DMH to reduce arousal at night. In vivo Ca(2+) imaging reveals elevated DMH(mWAKE) activity during wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, while patch-clamp recordings show that DMH(mWAKE) neurons fire more frequently at night. Chemogenetic manipulations demonstrate that DMH(mWAKE) neurons are necessary and sufficient for arousal. Single-cell profiling coupled with optogenetic activation experiments suggest that GABAergic DMH(mWAKE) neurons promote arousal. Surprisingly, our data suggest that mWAKE acts as a clock-dependent brake on arousal during the night, when mice are normally active. mWAKE levels peak at night under clock control, and loss of mWAKE leads to hyperarousal and greater DMH(mWAKE) neuronal excitability specifically at night. These results suggest that the clock does not solely promote arousal during an animal’s active period, but instead uses opposing processes to produce appropriate levels of arousal in a time-dependent manner.