Endovascular treatment of a mycotic aneurysm in an immunocompromised child with acute leukemia—case report and review of the literature

Mycotic aneurysms are dilatations of an artery, a rare but severe complication arising from infectious obliteration of the vessel wall. Thoracic aneurysms often present with unspecific symptoms and multiple diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. In an advanced state, they have an increased risk of perforation and a high mortality rate. The surgical therapeutic approach has a high perioperative complication rate. In this study, we report a case of a thoracic mycotic aortic aneurysm in an immunocompromised pediatric patient caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia. A combination of prompt antibacterial treatment and minimally invasive stent implantation showed a good outcome, avoiding possible severe surgical problems.