Analysis of the milk kefir pan-metagenome reveals four community types, core species, and associated metabolic pathways

A comprehensive metagenomics-based investigation of the microorganisms present within milk kefir communities from across the globe was carried out with a view to defining the milk kefir pan-metagenome, including details relating to core and non-core components. Milk kefir samples, generated by inoculating full fat, pasteurized cow’s milk with 64 kefir grains sourced from 25 different countries, were analyzed. We identified core features, including a consistent pattern of domination by representatives from the species Lactobacillus helveticus or the sub-species Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens subsp. kefiranofaciens, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis or Lla. cremoris subsp. cremoris in each kefir. Notably, even in kefirs where the lactococci did not dominate, they and 51 associated metabolic pathways were identified across all metagenomes. These insights can contribute to future efforts to create tailored kefir-based microbial communities for different applications and assist regulators and producers to ensure that kefir products have a microbial composition that reflects the artisanal beverage.