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Pseudoaveraging for denoising of OCT angiography: a deep learning approach for image quality enhancement in healthy and diabetic eyes
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to develop a deep learning (DL) algorithm that enhances the quality of a single-frame enface OCTA scan to make it comparable to 4-frame averaged scan without the need for the repeated acquisitions required for averaging. METHODS: Each of the healthy eyes and eyes from di...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10568842/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37822004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40942-023-00486-5 |
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author | Abu-Qamar, Omar Lewis, Warren Mendonca, Luisa S. M. De Sisternes, Luis Chin, Adam Alibhai, A. Yasin Gendelman, Isaac Reichel, Elias Magazzeni, Stephanie Kubach, Sophie Durbin, Mary Witkin, Andre J. Baumal, Caroline R. Duker, Jay S. Waheed, Nadia K. |
author_facet | Abu-Qamar, Omar Lewis, Warren Mendonca, Luisa S. M. De Sisternes, Luis Chin, Adam Alibhai, A. Yasin Gendelman, Isaac Reichel, Elias Magazzeni, Stephanie Kubach, Sophie Durbin, Mary Witkin, Andre J. Baumal, Caroline R. Duker, Jay S. Waheed, Nadia K. |
author_sort | Abu-Qamar, Omar |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: This study aimed to develop a deep learning (DL) algorithm that enhances the quality of a single-frame enface OCTA scan to make it comparable to 4-frame averaged scan without the need for the repeated acquisitions required for averaging. METHODS: Each of the healthy eyes and eyes from diabetic subjects that were prospectively enrolled in this cross-sectional study underwent four repeated 6 × 6 mm macular scans (PLEX Elite 9000 SS-OCT), and the repeated scans of each eye were co-registered to produce 4-frame averages. This prospective dataset of original (single-frame) enface scans and their corresponding averaged scans was divided into a training dataset and a validation dataset. In the training dataset, a DL algorithm (named pseudoaveraging) was trained using original scans as input and 4-frame averages as target. In the validation dataset, the pseudoaveraging algorithm was applied to single-frame scans to produce pseudoaveraged scans, and the single-frame and its corresponding averaged and pseudoaveraged scans were all qualitatively compared. In a separate retrospectively collected dataset of single-frame scans from eyes of diabetic subjects, the DL algorithm was applied, and the produced pseudoaveraged scan was qualitatively compared against its corresponding original. RESULTS: This study included 39 eyes that comprised the prospective dataset (split into 5 eyes for training and 34 eyes for validating the DL algorithm), and 105 eyes that comprised the retrospective test dataset. Of the total 144 study eyes, 58% had any level of diabetic retinopathy (with and without diabetic macular edema), and the rest were from healthy eyes or eyes of diabetic subjects but without diabetic retinopathy and without macular edema. Grading results in the validation dataset showed that the pseudoaveraged enface scan ranked best in overall scan quality, background noise reduction, and visibility of microaneurysms (p < 0.05). Averaged scan ranked best for motion artifact reduction (p < 0.05). Grading results in the test dataset showed that pseudoaveraging resulted in enhanced small vessels, reduction of background noise, and motion artifact in 100%, 82%, and 98% of scans, respectively. Rates of false-positive/-negative perfusion were zero. CONCLUSION: Pseudoaveraging is a feasible DL approach to more efficiently improve enface OCTA scan quality without introducing notable image artifacts. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40942-023-00486-5. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10568842 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-105688422023-10-13 Pseudoaveraging for denoising of OCT angiography: a deep learning approach for image quality enhancement in healthy and diabetic eyes Abu-Qamar, Omar Lewis, Warren Mendonca, Luisa S. M. De Sisternes, Luis Chin, Adam Alibhai, A. Yasin Gendelman, Isaac Reichel, Elias Magazzeni, Stephanie Kubach, Sophie Durbin, Mary Witkin, Andre J. Baumal, Caroline R. Duker, Jay S. Waheed, Nadia K. Int J Retina Vitreous Original Article BACKGROUND: This study aimed to develop a deep learning (DL) algorithm that enhances the quality of a single-frame enface OCTA scan to make it comparable to 4-frame averaged scan without the need for the repeated acquisitions required for averaging. METHODS: Each of the healthy eyes and eyes from diabetic subjects that were prospectively enrolled in this cross-sectional study underwent four repeated 6 × 6 mm macular scans (PLEX Elite 9000 SS-OCT), and the repeated scans of each eye were co-registered to produce 4-frame averages. This prospective dataset of original (single-frame) enface scans and their corresponding averaged scans was divided into a training dataset and a validation dataset. In the training dataset, a DL algorithm (named pseudoaveraging) was trained using original scans as input and 4-frame averages as target. In the validation dataset, the pseudoaveraging algorithm was applied to single-frame scans to produce pseudoaveraged scans, and the single-frame and its corresponding averaged and pseudoaveraged scans were all qualitatively compared. In a separate retrospectively collected dataset of single-frame scans from eyes of diabetic subjects, the DL algorithm was applied, and the produced pseudoaveraged scan was qualitatively compared against its corresponding original. RESULTS: This study included 39 eyes that comprised the prospective dataset (split into 5 eyes for training and 34 eyes for validating the DL algorithm), and 105 eyes that comprised the retrospective test dataset. Of the total 144 study eyes, 58% had any level of diabetic retinopathy (with and without diabetic macular edema), and the rest were from healthy eyes or eyes of diabetic subjects but without diabetic retinopathy and without macular edema. Grading results in the validation dataset showed that the pseudoaveraged enface scan ranked best in overall scan quality, background noise reduction, and visibility of microaneurysms (p < 0.05). Averaged scan ranked best for motion artifact reduction (p < 0.05). Grading results in the test dataset showed that pseudoaveraging resulted in enhanced small vessels, reduction of background noise, and motion artifact in 100%, 82%, and 98% of scans, respectively. Rates of false-positive/-negative perfusion were zero. CONCLUSION: Pseudoaveraging is a feasible DL approach to more efficiently improve enface OCTA scan quality without introducing notable image artifacts. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40942-023-00486-5. BioMed Central 2023-10-11 /pmc/articles/PMC10568842/ /pubmed/37822004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40942-023-00486-5 Text en © The Author(s) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. |
spellingShingle | Original Article Abu-Qamar, Omar Lewis, Warren Mendonca, Luisa S. M. De Sisternes, Luis Chin, Adam Alibhai, A. Yasin Gendelman, Isaac Reichel, Elias Magazzeni, Stephanie Kubach, Sophie Durbin, Mary Witkin, Andre J. Baumal, Caroline R. Duker, Jay S. Waheed, Nadia K. Pseudoaveraging for denoising of OCT angiography: a deep learning approach for image quality enhancement in healthy and diabetic eyes |
title | Pseudoaveraging for denoising of OCT angiography: a deep learning approach for image quality enhancement in healthy and diabetic eyes |
title_full | Pseudoaveraging for denoising of OCT angiography: a deep learning approach for image quality enhancement in healthy and diabetic eyes |
title_fullStr | Pseudoaveraging for denoising of OCT angiography: a deep learning approach for image quality enhancement in healthy and diabetic eyes |
title_full_unstemmed | Pseudoaveraging for denoising of OCT angiography: a deep learning approach for image quality enhancement in healthy and diabetic eyes |
title_short | Pseudoaveraging for denoising of OCT angiography: a deep learning approach for image quality enhancement in healthy and diabetic eyes |
title_sort | pseudoaveraging for denoising of oct angiography: a deep learning approach for image quality enhancement in healthy and diabetic eyes |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10568842/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37822004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40942-023-00486-5 |
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