Cultivated Land Demand and Pressure in Southeast Asia from 1961 to 2019: A Comprehensive Study on Food Consumption

Southeast Asia plays a crucial role in global food production and trade, yet it grapples with challenges related to food security, regional stability, and security. Cultivated land is the material foundation for ensuring food production. With the development of society and the economy, people’s food consumption has undergone significant changes. This paper employs a comprehensive approach to analyze trends in food consumption, the cultivated land footprint, and associated land pressures in Southeast Asia over the period 1961–2019. The main findings are as follows: (1) Between 1961 and 2019, the total food consumption in Southeast Asia surged by 3.1 times. Notably, the proportion of livestock-based foods increased steadily from 6.62% in 1961 to 16.82% in 2019. (2) Due to advancements in agricultural productivity across Southeast Asia, the cultivated land footprint for food consumption only increased by 0.7 times, showcasing a diminishing demand for grain-cultivated land. (3) On the whole, the pressure of food consumption on cultivated land in Southeast Asia is on the decline, albeit with considerable variations among different countries. The Philippines is facing a relative undersupply, whereas Thailand has experienced the lowest cultivated land pressure. (4) Encouraging a shift towards a Mediterranean-style diet, aligned with existing dietary patterns, holds promise for reducing future pressures on cultivated land and promoting better health outcomes for the populace in Southeast Asia.