The Effect of Glucose on the Interaction of Bisphenol A and Bovine Hemoglobin Characterized by Spectroscopic and Molecular Docking Techniques

The interaction mechanism of hemoglobin (Hb) with bisphenol A (BPA) in diabetic patients and the difference with healthy people have been studied using spectroscopic and molecular docking techniques at several glucose (Glc) concentration, with bovine hemoglobin (BHb) instead of Hb. It is found that Glc can interact with BHb–BPA and affect its molecular structure, resulting in an altered microenvironment for tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) in BHb–BPA. It is also found that Glc can bind to BHb alone, and its effect on the molecular structure of BHb is weaker than that on the structure of BHb in BHb–BPA complex. The results of circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicate that Glc causes an increase in the content of the α-helix and a decrease in that of the β-sheet of BHb–BPA by 1.5–1.9% and 3.1%, respectively. The results of molecular docking show that Glc binds to BHb–BPA through hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds, and the position of binding differs from that of Glc binding to BHb alone, which may be attributed to the fact that BPA affects the protein molecular structure of BHb and has an effect on the binding of BHb to Glc. This study provides some theoretical basis for the mechanism of BPA toxicity in vivo for people with different blood glucose levels.