Thrombotic Alterations under Perinatal Hypoxic Conditions: HIF and Other Hypoxic Markers

Hypoxia is considered to be a stressful physiological condition, which may occur during labor and the later stages of pregnancy as a result of, among other reasons, an aged placenta. Therefore, when gestation or labor is prolonged, low oxygen supply to the tissues may last for minutes, and newborns may present breathing problems and may require resuscitation maneuvers. As a result, poor oxygen supply to tissues and to circulating cells may last for longer periods of time, leading to life-threatening conditions. In contrast to the well-known platelet activation that occurs after reperfusion of the tissues due to an ischemia/reperfusion episode, platelet alterations in response to reduced oxygen exposition following labor have been less frequently investigated. Newborns overcome temporal hypoxic conditions by changing their organ functions or by adaptation of the intracellular molecular pathways. In the present review, we aim to analyze the main platelet modifications that appear at the protein level during hypoxia in order to highlight new platelet markers linked to complications arising from temporal hypoxic conditions during labor. Thus, we demonstrate that hypoxia modifies the expression and activity of hypoxic-response proteins (HRPs), including hypoxia-induced factor (HIF-1), endoplasmic reticulum oxidase 1 (Ero1), and carbonic anhydrase (CIX). Finally, we provide updates on research related to the regulation of platelet function due to HRP activation, as well as the role of HRPs in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis.