Cargando…
Effect of Rice Husk and Wood Flour on the Structural, Mechanical, and Fire-Retardant Characteristics of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene
Given the rising consumption of plastic products, it is becoming imperative to prioritize the recycling of plastic items as a solution to reducing plastic waste and environmental pollution. In this context, this research focuses on assessing the impact of incorporating rice husk and wood flour into...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2023
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10575034/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37836079 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15194031 |
_version_ | 1785120829158195200 |
---|---|
author | Shah, Atta Ur Rehman Jalil, Abdul Sadiq, Atiya Alzaid, Meshal Naseem, Muhammad Shoaib Alanazi, Rakan Alanazi, Sultan Alanzy, Abdullatyf Obaid Alsohaimi, Ibrahim Hotan Malik, Rizwan Ahmed |
author_facet | Shah, Atta Ur Rehman Jalil, Abdul Sadiq, Atiya Alzaid, Meshal Naseem, Muhammad Shoaib Alanazi, Rakan Alanazi, Sultan Alanzy, Abdullatyf Obaid Alsohaimi, Ibrahim Hotan Malik, Rizwan Ahmed |
author_sort | Shah, Atta Ur Rehman |
collection | PubMed |
description | Given the rising consumption of plastic products, it is becoming imperative to prioritize the recycling of plastic items as a solution to reducing plastic waste and environmental pollution. In this context, this research focuses on assessing the impact of incorporating rice husk and wood flour into recycled high-density polyethylene (rec-HDPE) to analyze its mechanical properties, flammability, and thermal stability. The combined rec-HDPE content of wood flour and rice husk varied between 0% and 20%. The rec-HDPE content of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) was fixed at 3%. Mechanical characteristics such as flexural, tensile, and impact strengths were assessed. Cone calorimetry (CC) tests, limited oxygen index (LOI) tests, and horizontal and vertical burning tests were performed to determine the flammability or fire retardancy of these composites. On the other hand, to characterize the thermal characteristics of these composites, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used. To further characterize the fluctuation in these characteristics, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies were carried out. The mechanical characteristics were found to be increased in response to adding rice husk or wood flour. An 8% increase in tensile strength and a 20% increase in elastic modulus enhancement were recorded for a 20% rice husk-added composite. SEM revealed the reason for the variation in tensile properties, based on the extent of agglomeration and the extent of uniform distribution of fillers in rec-HDPE. Following these lines, the 20% rice husk-added composite also showed a maximum increase of around 6% in its flexural strength and a maximum increase of 50% in its flexural modulus. A decrease in impact strength was recorded for rice husk and wood flour-reinforced composites, compared with unreinforced rec-HDPE. Hybrid composites displayed a lack of mechanical strength due to changes in their nature. FTIR tests were performed for a much more elaborate analysis to confirm these results. Twenty percent of rice husk-added rec-HDPE displayed the best thermal properties that were tested, based on TGA and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis. This 20% composite also displayed the best fire-retardancy characteristics according to UL 94 tests, cone calorimetry tests, and limited oxygen index tests, due to the barrier created by the silica protective layer. These tests demonstrated that the incorporation of both fillers—rice husk and wood flour—effectively enhanced the thermal, mechanical, and fire-retardant attributes of recycled HDPE. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10575034 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-105750342023-10-14 Effect of Rice Husk and Wood Flour on the Structural, Mechanical, and Fire-Retardant Characteristics of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene Shah, Atta Ur Rehman Jalil, Abdul Sadiq, Atiya Alzaid, Meshal Naseem, Muhammad Shoaib Alanazi, Rakan Alanazi, Sultan Alanzy, Abdullatyf Obaid Alsohaimi, Ibrahim Hotan Malik, Rizwan Ahmed Polymers (Basel) Article Given the rising consumption of plastic products, it is becoming imperative to prioritize the recycling of plastic items as a solution to reducing plastic waste and environmental pollution. In this context, this research focuses on assessing the impact of incorporating rice husk and wood flour into recycled high-density polyethylene (rec-HDPE) to analyze its mechanical properties, flammability, and thermal stability. The combined rec-HDPE content of wood flour and rice husk varied between 0% and 20%. The rec-HDPE content of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) was fixed at 3%. Mechanical characteristics such as flexural, tensile, and impact strengths were assessed. Cone calorimetry (CC) tests, limited oxygen index (LOI) tests, and horizontal and vertical burning tests were performed to determine the flammability or fire retardancy of these composites. On the other hand, to characterize the thermal characteristics of these composites, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used. To further characterize the fluctuation in these characteristics, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies were carried out. The mechanical characteristics were found to be increased in response to adding rice husk or wood flour. An 8% increase in tensile strength and a 20% increase in elastic modulus enhancement were recorded for a 20% rice husk-added composite. SEM revealed the reason for the variation in tensile properties, based on the extent of agglomeration and the extent of uniform distribution of fillers in rec-HDPE. Following these lines, the 20% rice husk-added composite also showed a maximum increase of around 6% in its flexural strength and a maximum increase of 50% in its flexural modulus. A decrease in impact strength was recorded for rice husk and wood flour-reinforced composites, compared with unreinforced rec-HDPE. Hybrid composites displayed a lack of mechanical strength due to changes in their nature. FTIR tests were performed for a much more elaborate analysis to confirm these results. Twenty percent of rice husk-added rec-HDPE displayed the best thermal properties that were tested, based on TGA and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis. This 20% composite also displayed the best fire-retardancy characteristics according to UL 94 tests, cone calorimetry tests, and limited oxygen index tests, due to the barrier created by the silica protective layer. These tests demonstrated that the incorporation of both fillers—rice husk and wood flour—effectively enhanced the thermal, mechanical, and fire-retardant attributes of recycled HDPE. MDPI 2023-10-09 /pmc/articles/PMC10575034/ /pubmed/37836079 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15194031 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Shah, Atta Ur Rehman Jalil, Abdul Sadiq, Atiya Alzaid, Meshal Naseem, Muhammad Shoaib Alanazi, Rakan Alanazi, Sultan Alanzy, Abdullatyf Obaid Alsohaimi, Ibrahim Hotan Malik, Rizwan Ahmed Effect of Rice Husk and Wood Flour on the Structural, Mechanical, and Fire-Retardant Characteristics of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene |
title | Effect of Rice Husk and Wood Flour on the Structural, Mechanical, and Fire-Retardant Characteristics of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene |
title_full | Effect of Rice Husk and Wood Flour on the Structural, Mechanical, and Fire-Retardant Characteristics of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene |
title_fullStr | Effect of Rice Husk and Wood Flour on the Structural, Mechanical, and Fire-Retardant Characteristics of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene |
title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Rice Husk and Wood Flour on the Structural, Mechanical, and Fire-Retardant Characteristics of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene |
title_short | Effect of Rice Husk and Wood Flour on the Structural, Mechanical, and Fire-Retardant Characteristics of Recycled High-Density Polyethylene |
title_sort | effect of rice husk and wood flour on the structural, mechanical, and fire-retardant characteristics of recycled high-density polyethylene |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10575034/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37836079 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15194031 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT shahattaurrehman effectofricehuskandwoodflouronthestructuralmechanicalandfireretardantcharacteristicsofrecycledhighdensitypolyethylene AT jalilabdul effectofricehuskandwoodflouronthestructuralmechanicalandfireretardantcharacteristicsofrecycledhighdensitypolyethylene AT sadiqatiya effectofricehuskandwoodflouronthestructuralmechanicalandfireretardantcharacteristicsofrecycledhighdensitypolyethylene AT alzaidmeshal effectofricehuskandwoodflouronthestructuralmechanicalandfireretardantcharacteristicsofrecycledhighdensitypolyethylene AT naseemmuhammadshoaib effectofricehuskandwoodflouronthestructuralmechanicalandfireretardantcharacteristicsofrecycledhighdensitypolyethylene AT alanazirakan effectofricehuskandwoodflouronthestructuralmechanicalandfireretardantcharacteristicsofrecycledhighdensitypolyethylene AT alanazisultan effectofricehuskandwoodflouronthestructuralmechanicalandfireretardantcharacteristicsofrecycledhighdensitypolyethylene AT alanzyabdullatyfobaid effectofricehuskandwoodflouronthestructuralmechanicalandfireretardantcharacteristicsofrecycledhighdensitypolyethylene AT alsohaimiibrahimhotan effectofricehuskandwoodflouronthestructuralmechanicalandfireretardantcharacteristicsofrecycledhighdensitypolyethylene AT malikrizwanahmed effectofricehuskandwoodflouronthestructuralmechanicalandfireretardantcharacteristicsofrecycledhighdensitypolyethylene |