Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of the 175 Soybean Breeding Lines and Varieties Cultivated in West Siberia and Other Regions of Russia

Soybean is a leguminous plant cultivated in many countries and is considered important in the food industry due to the high levels of oil and protein content in the beans. The high demand for soybeans and its products in the industry requires the expansion of cultivation areas. Despite climatic restrictions, West Siberia is gradually expanding its area of soybean cultivation. In this study, we present the first analysis of the population structure and genetic diversity of the 175 soybean Glycine max breeding lines and varieties cultivated in West Siberia (103 accessions) and other regions of Russia (72 accessions), and we compare them with the cultivated soybean varieties from other geographical locations. Principal component analysis revealed several genetic clusters with different levels of genetic heterogeneity. Studied accessions are genetically similar to varieties from China, Japan, and the USA and are genetically distant to varieties from South Korea. Admixture analysis revealed four ancestry groups based on genetic ancestry and geographical origin, which are consistent with the regions of cultivation and origin of accessions and correspond to the principal component analysis result. Population statistics, including nucleotide diversity, Tajima’s D, and linkage disequilibrium, are comparatively similar to those observed for studied accessions of a different origin. This study provides essential population and genetic information about the unique collection of breeding lines and varieties cultivated in West Siberia and other Russian regions to foster further evolutionary, genome-wide associations and functional breeding studies.