Advance of echocardiography in cardiac amyloidosis

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) occurs when the insoluble fibrils formed by misfolded precursor proteins deposit in cardiac tissues. The early clinical manifestations of CA are not evident, but it is easy to progress to refractory heart failure with an inferior prognosis. Echocardiography is the most commonly adopted non-invasive modality of imaging to visualize cardiac structures and functions, and the preferred modality in the evaluation of patients with cardiac symptoms and suspected CA, which plays a vital role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and long-term management of CA. The present review summarizes the echocardiographic manifestations of CA, new echocardiographic techniques, and the application of multi-parametric echocardiographic models in CA diagnosis.