A Phase 1 Study of Ensitrelvir Fumaric Acid Tablets Evaluating the Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Food Effect in Healthy Adult Populations

BACKGROUND: A reported clinical pharmacokinetics and safety study of suspension formulation of ensitrelvir, a therapeutic agent used in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics and was well tolerated in healthy male Japanese and White participants. Understanding the safety and pharmacokinetic features of ensitrelvir (using the formulation approved for clinical use) in various populations, and the effect of food, is crucial for optimal clinical use. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to (1) assess the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of ensitrelvir following multiple-dose administration of ensitrelvir tablets in populations with different races, ages, and sex; and (2) assess the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of ensitrelvir tablets in the fasted or fed state. METHODS: A phase 1, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study was conducted to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of once-daily ensitrelvir tablets at loading/maintenance doses of 375/125 mg or 750/250 mg for 5 days in healthy Japanese females, Japanese elderly (only 375/125 mg), and White male and female participants. An open-label, two-group, two-period crossover study was also conducted to estimate the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of ensitrelvir at single dose of 375 mg. The nature, frequency, and severity of treatment-emergent adverse events were evaluated and recorded in safety assessments in both studies. RESULTS: The maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) were similar within these populations. The geometric mean half-life of ensitrelvir following multiple-dose administration was 48.7–58.9 h across all cohorts. The C(max) and AUC increased in a dose-proportional manner in Japanese female participants, and increased in a less than dose-proportional manner in White participants. Furthermore, there was no clear relationship between the dose and geometric mean half-life of ensitrelvir. The plasma concentration at 24 h (C(24)) after an initial dose of 375/125 mg exceeded the target plasma concentration (6.09 µg/mL) in all populations. Regarding the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of ensitrelvir, although time to C(max) in the fed state was delayed, there was no clinically meaningful difference in the exposure levels (C(max) and AUC) of ensitrelvir between the fasted and fed states. Most treatment-emergent adverse events were mild in nature and had resolved. CONCLUSION: Ensitrelvir (375/125 mg and 750/250 mg tablet formulation) was well tolerated, without any major safety concerns. The pharmacokinetics of ensitrelvir between all populations in the study were similar and C(24) exceeded the target plasma concentration at 375/125 mg. These results suggest that ensitrelvir can be effectively administered with no necessity for dose adjustment for age, sex, and race without food restriction. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Japan Registry of Clinical Trials identifier: jRCT2031210202, registered on 16 July 2021. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40261-023-01309-z.