Tofacitinib in Steroid-Refractory Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis: A Retrospective Analysis

Introduction: Steroid-refractory acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) patients are at the highest risk of colectomy. Among the available options, cyclosporine and infliximab have similar efficacy but infliximab is a costly drug and cyclosporine has multiple side effects like kidney injury, neurotoxicity, and dyselectrolytemia. Surgical management is often associated with higher morbidity. Newer oral small molecules like Janus kinase inhibitors are the ideal molecules to bridge the gap. Tofacitinib has already been extensively evaluated in patients with moderate to severe UC; however, data on ASUC treated by tofacitinib are limited. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with ASUC who were admitted to our hospital’s luminal gastroenterology unit between January 2021 and July 2023. Patients with ASUC who were managed with tofacitinib were included in the study. Results: Eight patients with ASUC were identified who did not respond to intravenous hydrocortisone and were treated with tofacitinib. The mean age was 39 ± 15 years and 87.5% were female. The median duration of illness was 24 months (interquartile range (IQR): 12-120 months). Seven of eight patients (87.5%) responded to oral tofacitinib 10 mg twice a day by the fifth day of treatment. The median follow-up period was six months (IQR: 1-12 months). One patient required colectomy and one patient had varicella zoster reactivation requiring treatment discontinuation. Conclusion: Tofacitinib is an attractive alternative to the currently available salvage therapy for steroid-refractory ASUC; however, long-term efficacy and risk remain to be explored.