C-reactive protein impairs immune response of CD8(+) T cells via FcγRIIb-p38MAPK-ROS axis in multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a prototypical acute phase protein in humans with the function of regulating immune cells. Serum CRP levels are elevated in multiple myeloma (MM), associated with MM cell proliferation and bone destruction. However, its direct effects on T lymphocytes in MM have not been elucidated. METHODS: Public data sets were used to explore the correlation of CRP levels with immune cell infiltration and cytotoxicity score of CD8(+) T cells in MM. In vitro, repeated freeze-thaw myeloma cell lines were taken as tumor antigens to load dendritic cells (DCs) derived from HLA-A*0201-positive healthy donors. MM-specific cytotoxic T cells (MM-CTL) were obtained from T lymphocytes of the corresponding donors pulsed with these DCs. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells were manipulated by transfecting with lentivirus encoding an anti-BCMA single-chain variable fragment. Then T cells from healthy controls, MM-CTLs and BCMA CAR-T cells were exposed to CRP and analyzed for cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, immunophenotypes. CRP binding capacity to T cells before and after Fc gamma receptors IIb (FcγRIIb) blockage, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the downstream molecules were also detected. In vivo, both normal C57BL/6J mice and the Vk*MYC myeloma mouse models were applied to confirm the impact of CRP on T cells. RESULTS: CRP levels were negatively correlated with cell-infiltration and cytotoxicity score of CD8(+) T cells in MM. In vitro experiments showed that CRP inhibited T-cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, impaired the cytotoxic activity and upregulated expression of senescent markers in CD8(+) T cells. In vivo results validated the suppressive role of CRP in CD8(+) T cells. CRP could bind to CD8(+) T cells, mainly to the naïve T subset, while the binding was dramatically decreased by FcγRIIb blockage. Furthermore, CRP resulted in increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and oxidized glutathione in CD8(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS: We found that CRP impaired immune response of CD8(+) T cells via FcγRIIb-p38MAPK-ROS signaling pathway. The study casted new insights into the role of CRP in anti-myeloma immunity, providing implications for future immunotherapy in MM.