The experience of the COMRE group (REctal COMmittee): can magnetic resonance imaging and endosonography really help the clinical pathway after NCRT in rectal cancer?

BACKGROUND: MRI and rectal endosonography (EUS) are routinely used for preoperative tumor staging and assessment of response to therapy in patients with rectal cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the two techniques in predicting the pathological response compared to the resected specimen and the agreement between MRI and EUS and to define the factors that could affect the ability of EUS and MRI to predict pathological responses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 151 adult patients with middle or low rectal adenocarcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, followed by curative intent elective surgery in the Oncologic Surgical Unit of a hospital in the north of Italy between January 2010 and November 2020. All patients underwent MRI and rectal EUS. RESULTS: The accuracy of EUS to evaluate the T stage was 67.48%, and for the N stage was 75.61%; the accuracy of MRI to evaluate the T stage was 75.97%, and that for the N stage was 51.94%. The agreement in detecting the T stage between EUS and MRI was 65.14% with a Cohen’s kappa of 0.4070 and that for the evaluation of the lymph nodes between EUS and MRI was 47.71% with a Cohen’s kappa of 0.2680. Risk factors that affect the ability of each method to predict pathological response were also investigated using logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: EUS and MRI are accurate tools for rectal cancer staging. However, after Radiotherapy - Chemotherapy RT-CT, neither method is reliable for establishing the T stage. EUS seems significantly better than MRI for assessing the N stage. Both methods can be used as complementary tools in the preoperative assessment and management of rectal cancer, but their role in the assessment of residual rectal tumors cannot predict the complete clinical response.