Prevalence and Risk Factors for Missed Short-term Follow-up After Primary Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

INTRODUCTION: The importance of consistent postoperative follow-up has been established for collecting patient-reported outcomes and surveilling for potential complications. Despite this, the prevalence of and risk factors for missed short-term follow-up after elective shoulder arthroplasty remain limited. METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive primary anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty cases with a minimum of 12-month follow-up performed by a single, fellowship-trained shoulder surgeon was undertaken from January 2015 to December 2021. Demographic patient and surgical data, including age, sex, marital status, self-identified race, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index, prior ipsilateral shoulder surgery and/or contralateral arthroplasty, distance from home to clinic, smoking status, and hospital length of stay, were collected. The follow-up at 1 week, 6 weeks, 6 months, 12 months, and 24 months and beyond was determined. Patient-related and surgical predictors for missing the 12-month and 24-month follow-up were identified. RESULTS: There were 295 cases included (168 aTSA and 127 reverse total shoulder arthroplasty), of whom 199 (67%) were women. Of the total cases, 261 (86%) were eligible for 24-month follow-up. Patients undergoing aTSA, those of younger age, those of male sex, and those who missed their 6-week and 6-month follow-up were significantly more likely to miss the 12-month follow-up visit. Following multivariable analysis, a missed 6-month follow-up (OR 10.10, 95% CI 5.32 to 19.16, P < 0.001) was associated with 12-month visit nonattendance, and increasing age (per year) (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.99, P = 0.011) was associated with improved 12-month follow-up. Not having a surgical complication within 6 months postoperatively, not undergoing ipsilateral revision arthroplasty, and missing the 1-week and 12-month follow-up were significantly associated with missing the 24-month follow-up. After multivariable analysis, missing the 1-week (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.12 to 8.41, P = 0.029) and 12-month (OR 3.84, 95% CI 2.11 to 6.99, P < 0.001) follow-ups was associated with missing the 24-month visit, whereas having a postoperative complication was associated with increased attendance at 24 months (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.99, P = 0.047). DISCUSSION: Strategies for preventing missed short-term follow-up should be focused on ensuring that patients undergoing TSA attend the 6-month and 12-month visit, particularly among younger patients and those with an uneventful postoperative course.