Risk factors for bronchopulmonary dysplasia infants with respiratory score greater than four: a multi-center, prospective, longitudinal cohort study in China

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common complication of prematurity involving both pre- and post-natal factors. A large, prospective, longitudinal cohort study was conducted to determine whether inflammation-related factors are associated with an increased risk of BPD in preterm infants who were born at a gestational age < 32 weeks, < 72 h after birth and respiratory score > 4. The study included infants from 25 participating hospitals in China between March 1, 2020 and March 31, 2022. The primary outcomes were BPD and severity of BPD at 36 weeks post-menstrual age. A total of 1362 preterm infants were enrolled in the study. After exclusion criteria, the remaining 1088 infants were included in this analysis, of whom, 588 (54.0%) infants were in the BPD group and 500 (46.0%) were in the non-BPD group. In the BPD III model, the following six factors were identified: birth weight (OR 0.175, 95% CI 0.060–0.512; p = 0.001), surfactant treatment (OR 8.052, 95% CI 2.658–24.399; p < 0.001), mean airway pressure (MAP) ≥ 12 cm H(2)O (OR 3.338, 95% CI 1.656–6.728; p = 0.001), late-onset sepsis (LOS) (OR 2.911, 95% CI 1.514–5.599; p = 0.001), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (OR 18.236, 95% CI 4.700–70.756; p < 0.001) and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (OR 2.725, 95% CI 1.182–6.281; p = 0.019). Premature infants remained at high risk of BPD and with regional variation. We found that post-natal inflammation-related risk factors were associated with an increased risk of severe BPD, including LOS, VAP, NEC, MAP ≥ 12 cm H(2)O and use of surfactant.