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Oxygen uptake kinetics and biological age in relation to pulling force and 400-m front crawl performance in young swimmers
Background: The study aimed to assess differences in the biological age (BA) of 13-year-old swimmers and show their ability, as biologically younger—late mature or older—early mature, to develop fast 60-s oxygen uptake ( [Formula: see text] ) kinetics and tethered swimming strength. Furthermore, the...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10587410/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37869719 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1229007 |
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author | Strzała, Marek Sokołowski, Kamil Wądrzyk, Łukasz Staszkiewicz, Robert Kryst, Łukasz Żegleń, Magdalena Krężałek, Piotr Maciejczyk, Marcin |
author_facet | Strzała, Marek Sokołowski, Kamil Wądrzyk, Łukasz Staszkiewicz, Robert Kryst, Łukasz Żegleń, Magdalena Krężałek, Piotr Maciejczyk, Marcin |
author_sort | Strzała, Marek |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: The study aimed to assess differences in the biological age (BA) of 13-year-old swimmers and show their ability, as biologically younger—late mature or older—early mature, to develop fast 60-s oxygen uptake ( [Formula: see text] ) kinetics and tethered swimming strength. Furthermore, the interplay between swimming strength, [Formula: see text] , and 400-m front crawl race performance was examined. Methods: The study involved 36 competitive young male swimmers (metrical age: 12.9 ± 0.56 years). Depending on BA examination, the group was divided into early-mature (BA: 15.8 ± 1.18 years, n = 13) and late-mature (BA: 12.9 ± 0.60 years, n = 23) participants, especially for the purpose of comparing tethered swimming indices, i.e., average values of force (F (ave)) and [Formula: see text] (breath-by-breath analysis) kinetic indices, measured simultaneously in 1-min tethered front crawl swimming. From the 400-m racing stroke rate, stroke length kinematics was retrieved. Results: In the 1-min tethered front crawl test, early-mature swimmers obtained higher results of absolute values of [Formula: see text] and F (ave). Conversely, when [Formula: see text] was present relatively to body mass and pulling force (in ml∙min(–1)∙kg(–1)∙N(−1)), late-mature swimmers showed higher [Formula: see text] relative usage. Late-mature swimmers generally exhibited a slower increase in [Formula: see text] during the first 30 s of 60 s. [Formula: see text] , F (ave), BA, and basic swimming kinematic stroke length were significantly interrelated and influenced 400-m swimming performance. Conclusion: The 1-min tethered swimming test revealed significant differences in the homogeneous calendar age/heterogeneous BA group of swimmers. These were distinguished by the higher level of [Formula: see text] kinetics and pulling force in early-mature individuals and lower efficiency per unit of body mass per unit of force aerobic system in late-mature peers. The higher [Formula: see text] kinetics and tethered swimming force were further translated into 400-m front crawl speed and stroke length kinematics. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-10587410 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-105874102023-10-21 Oxygen uptake kinetics and biological age in relation to pulling force and 400-m front crawl performance in young swimmers Strzała, Marek Sokołowski, Kamil Wądrzyk, Łukasz Staszkiewicz, Robert Kryst, Łukasz Żegleń, Magdalena Krężałek, Piotr Maciejczyk, Marcin Front Physiol Physiology Background: The study aimed to assess differences in the biological age (BA) of 13-year-old swimmers and show their ability, as biologically younger—late mature or older—early mature, to develop fast 60-s oxygen uptake ( [Formula: see text] ) kinetics and tethered swimming strength. Furthermore, the interplay between swimming strength, [Formula: see text] , and 400-m front crawl race performance was examined. Methods: The study involved 36 competitive young male swimmers (metrical age: 12.9 ± 0.56 years). Depending on BA examination, the group was divided into early-mature (BA: 15.8 ± 1.18 years, n = 13) and late-mature (BA: 12.9 ± 0.60 years, n = 23) participants, especially for the purpose of comparing tethered swimming indices, i.e., average values of force (F (ave)) and [Formula: see text] (breath-by-breath analysis) kinetic indices, measured simultaneously in 1-min tethered front crawl swimming. From the 400-m racing stroke rate, stroke length kinematics was retrieved. Results: In the 1-min tethered front crawl test, early-mature swimmers obtained higher results of absolute values of [Formula: see text] and F (ave). Conversely, when [Formula: see text] was present relatively to body mass and pulling force (in ml∙min(–1)∙kg(–1)∙N(−1)), late-mature swimmers showed higher [Formula: see text] relative usage. Late-mature swimmers generally exhibited a slower increase in [Formula: see text] during the first 30 s of 60 s. [Formula: see text] , F (ave), BA, and basic swimming kinematic stroke length were significantly interrelated and influenced 400-m swimming performance. Conclusion: The 1-min tethered swimming test revealed significant differences in the homogeneous calendar age/heterogeneous BA group of swimmers. These were distinguished by the higher level of [Formula: see text] kinetics and pulling force in early-mature individuals and lower efficiency per unit of body mass per unit of force aerobic system in late-mature peers. The higher [Formula: see text] kinetics and tethered swimming force were further translated into 400-m front crawl speed and stroke length kinematics. Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-10-06 /pmc/articles/PMC10587410/ /pubmed/37869719 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1229007 Text en Copyright © 2023 Strzała, Sokołowski, Wądrzyk, Staszkiewicz, Kryst, Żegleń, Krężałek and Maciejczyk. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Physiology Strzała, Marek Sokołowski, Kamil Wądrzyk, Łukasz Staszkiewicz, Robert Kryst, Łukasz Żegleń, Magdalena Krężałek, Piotr Maciejczyk, Marcin Oxygen uptake kinetics and biological age in relation to pulling force and 400-m front crawl performance in young swimmers |
title | Oxygen uptake kinetics and biological age in relation to pulling force and 400-m front crawl performance in young swimmers |
title_full | Oxygen uptake kinetics and biological age in relation to pulling force and 400-m front crawl performance in young swimmers |
title_fullStr | Oxygen uptake kinetics and biological age in relation to pulling force and 400-m front crawl performance in young swimmers |
title_full_unstemmed | Oxygen uptake kinetics and biological age in relation to pulling force and 400-m front crawl performance in young swimmers |
title_short | Oxygen uptake kinetics and biological age in relation to pulling force and 400-m front crawl performance in young swimmers |
title_sort | oxygen uptake kinetics and biological age in relation to pulling force and 400-m front crawl performance in young swimmers |
topic | Physiology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10587410/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37869719 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1229007 |
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