ZnGa(2−x)Al(x)O(4) (x = 0 ≤ 2) spinel for persistent light emission and HER/OER bi-functional catalysis

Spinel materials have demonstrated diverse applications in various fields, especially in the energy sector. Since the pure spinel structure has the limitations of poor inherent activity and low conductivity, defect engineering through octahedral B-site modulation is expected to enhance various properties. Here in this work, we have synthesized ZnGa(2−x)Al(x)O(4) (x = 0 ≤ 2) spinel and moved from one terminal (ZnGa(2)O(4)) to the other (ZnAl(2)O(4)) by varying the Ga/Al ratio using solvent-free solid-state reaction. Dopant and rare earth element-free (RE) ZnGa(2)O(4) spinel showed excellent blue luminescence with photoluminescent quantum yields (PLQY) of 13% while exhibiting persistent light emission close to 60 min. The Al(3+) incorporation at Ga(3+) site doesn't yield any improvement in persistent luminescence lifetime owing to quenching of shallow traps as suggested by thermoluminescence (TL) studies. Moreover our materials have demonstrated bifunctional electrocatalytic activity towards both oxygen evolution (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) which has never been reported for ZnGa(2−x)Al(x)O(4). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) suggested that mixed Al/Ga-containing spinels possessed enhanced oxygen vacancies/defects. This makes them better electrocatalyst towards OER and HER compare to ZnGa(2)O(4) and ZnAl(2)O(4). The ZnGa(1.75)Al(0.25)O(4) composition by virtue of enhanced oxygen vacancies and less charge transfer resistance (47.3 ohms) demonstrated best electrocatalytic activity for OER compared to the other synthesized catalysts at the same applied potential (1.6 V). On the other hand, the ZnGa(1)Al(1)O(4) composition demonstrated excellent faradaic efficiency of ∼ 90% towards HER. From this work we can achieve multifunctional applications towards optoelectronics and electrocatalysis just by modulating Al/Ga ratio in ZnGa(2−x)Al(x)O(4).