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Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students

Poor sleep quality is a major public health concern for all ages. In particular, university students often face stress levels and changes in social life habits that negatively influence their quality of sleep. This could be associated with psychological well-being in terms of anxiety and depressive...

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Autores principales: Ballestar-Tarín, María Luisa, Ibáñez-del Valle, Vanessa, Mafla-España, Mayra Alejandra, Cauli, Omar, Navarro-Martínez, Rut
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10594478/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37873780
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases11040136
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author Ballestar-Tarín, María Luisa
Ibáñez-del Valle, Vanessa
Mafla-España, Mayra Alejandra
Cauli, Omar
Navarro-Martínez, Rut
author_facet Ballestar-Tarín, María Luisa
Ibáñez-del Valle, Vanessa
Mafla-España, Mayra Alejandra
Cauli, Omar
Navarro-Martínez, Rut
author_sort Ballestar-Tarín, María Luisa
collection PubMed
description Poor sleep quality is a major public health concern for all ages. In particular, university students often face stress levels and changes in social life habits that negatively influence their quality of sleep. This could be associated with psychological well-being in terms of anxiety and depressive symptoms, stress levels, and a poor self-perceived health status. The increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), in blood have been linked to poor sleep quality in many diseases, but data on salivary cytokine levels in students are missing or are seldom analyzed. In this study we determined the quality of sleep in a sample of university students and the role of psychological assessment and factors affecting sleep (alcohol intake, tobacco, consumption of stimulant drinks, exercise, and body mass index). We also aimed to shed new light on the associations between sleep quality and salivary inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα). Sleep quality was measured with the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Perceived stress was assessed using Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS) was used to assess the level of anxiety or depression. Perceived health status was measured with a visual analogue. Saliva samples was taken in the morning and the inflammatory cytokines was measured via enzyme-linked immunoassay. There was a direct and significant association between the salivary IL-1β concentration and AIS score (r = 0.248; p = 0.038, Pearson correlation) and Pittsburgh scale score (r = 0.274; p = 0.022, Pearson correlation). The relationship between IL-1β and AIS controlling for sex, age, and chronic disease, is still significant (r = 0.260; p = 0.033). The relationship between IL-1β and PSQI controlling for the influence of these variables is also significant (r = 0.279; p = 0.022). Salivary IL-1β concentrations were not significantly associated with any of the scores of the other psychological assessments (PSS, anxiety, depression symptoms, or self-perceived health). Salivary TNFα was significantly and inversely associated with self-perceived health (r = −0.259; p = 0.033, Pearson correlation), but the salivary IL-6 concentration was not associated with any of the sleep quality scale or psychological assessment scores. Our results provide a novel relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in saliva and poor sleep quality. However, the role of inflammation in poor sleep quality requires further study to identify strategies that could lower inflammation and thus, likely improve sleep quality.
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spelling pubmed-105944782023-10-25 Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students Ballestar-Tarín, María Luisa Ibáñez-del Valle, Vanessa Mafla-España, Mayra Alejandra Cauli, Omar Navarro-Martínez, Rut Diseases Article Poor sleep quality is a major public health concern for all ages. In particular, university students often face stress levels and changes in social life habits that negatively influence their quality of sleep. This could be associated with psychological well-being in terms of anxiety and depressive symptoms, stress levels, and a poor self-perceived health status. The increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), in blood have been linked to poor sleep quality in many diseases, but data on salivary cytokine levels in students are missing or are seldom analyzed. In this study we determined the quality of sleep in a sample of university students and the role of psychological assessment and factors affecting sleep (alcohol intake, tobacco, consumption of stimulant drinks, exercise, and body mass index). We also aimed to shed new light on the associations between sleep quality and salivary inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα). Sleep quality was measured with the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Perceived stress was assessed using Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS) was used to assess the level of anxiety or depression. Perceived health status was measured with a visual analogue. Saliva samples was taken in the morning and the inflammatory cytokines was measured via enzyme-linked immunoassay. There was a direct and significant association between the salivary IL-1β concentration and AIS score (r = 0.248; p = 0.038, Pearson correlation) and Pittsburgh scale score (r = 0.274; p = 0.022, Pearson correlation). The relationship between IL-1β and AIS controlling for sex, age, and chronic disease, is still significant (r = 0.260; p = 0.033). The relationship between IL-1β and PSQI controlling for the influence of these variables is also significant (r = 0.279; p = 0.022). Salivary IL-1β concentrations were not significantly associated with any of the scores of the other psychological assessments (PSS, anxiety, depression symptoms, or self-perceived health). Salivary TNFα was significantly and inversely associated with self-perceived health (r = −0.259; p = 0.033, Pearson correlation), but the salivary IL-6 concentration was not associated with any of the sleep quality scale or psychological assessment scores. Our results provide a novel relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in saliva and poor sleep quality. However, the role of inflammation in poor sleep quality requires further study to identify strategies that could lower inflammation and thus, likely improve sleep quality. MDPI 2023-10-05 /pmc/articles/PMC10594478/ /pubmed/37873780 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases11040136 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Ballestar-Tarín, María Luisa
Ibáñez-del Valle, Vanessa
Mafla-España, Mayra Alejandra
Cauli, Omar
Navarro-Martínez, Rut
Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students
title Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students
title_full Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students
title_fullStr Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students
title_full_unstemmed Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students
title_short Increased Salivary IL-1 Beta Level Is Associated with Poor Sleep Quality in University Students
title_sort increased salivary il-1 beta level is associated with poor sleep quality in university students
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10594478/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37873780
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases11040136
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