Irrational nutrition as a risk factor during pregnancy and childbirth

INTRODUCTION: Nutrition is a factor influencing pregnancy, birth and late fetal development. In Bulgaria, there is a tendency to increase both malnutrition and obesity. This leads to an increase in pregnancy complications. Questions related to nutrition during pregnancy are part of the National Program for Antenatal Care in Bulgaria. The aim is to study the factors associated with eating disorders in pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A documentary study and a direct individual survey were conducted among hospitalized pregnant women at Pleven University Hospital. The questions touch on socio-economic, health and educational aspects. RESULTS: Only half (48%) are at an optimal weight. The percentage of pregnant women with malnutrition is high (24%). The highest proportion of malnourished pregnant women are teenagers (35%), and those over 30 are overweight (27%). The study proved the link of malnutrition with low social and economic status, low/no education. Obesity prevails in the group of unskilled workers (45%). Malnutrition is characteristic of teenage pregnancy (35%), living alone (80%), for ethnically isolated groups (Roma 71%) or living in small settlements (52%). The scope of antenatal care among the respondents is only 28%. Deviations in nutrition led to frequent hospitalizations (52%), anemia (39%), spontaneous abortions (59%). Women with eating disorders more often suffer from infections during pregnancy (46%) and complications in the puerperium (52%). No association was found with preterm birth, premature rupture of the amniotic sac, and low birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant share of pregnant women with eating disorders in Bulgaria. The proportion of malnourished pregnant women increases, increasing the risk of complications. Proper nutrition of pregnant women depends on socio-economic factors, education, employment. KEY MESSAGES: • In Bulgaria, a National program for antenatal care, including problems with the diet of pregnant women, has been introduced. • The high proportion of pregnant women with improper nutrition increases the risks for pregnant women and newborns.