Food and Nutrition Literacy as means to fight against inequalities in diet and nutrition

The concepts of nutrition (or nutritional) (NL) literacy, food literacy (FL), and the extensively described concept of health literacy (HL) are based on the same idea of increasing the degree to which individuals and groups can access and use specific information needed to make health decisions that benefit the community. More specifically, the terms of FL and NL refer to a set of knowledge, competencies, and abilities that are necessary for people to use information regarding food and nutrition in order to achieve and preserve a healthful diet. Nonetheless, the core elements of the two constructs partially differ, since NL mostly involves nutritional information and individuals’ capacity or interest in relation to accessing and using such information in order to maintain nutritional health status, while FL considers mainly the relationship between people and food (or food system) and the capacity to use food responsibly. From a public health nutrition perspective, NL/FL could help to identify individuals with low diet quality and unhealthy eating habits that make them at higher risk of chronic diseases and other health consequences. In fact, although a very large amount of information about food and nutrition is now available to citizens/consumers, they often struggle to recognize evidence-based information and effectively manage their diet in the current “dietary infodemic”. Thus, there is a need to develop and implement interventions in order to increase the public's NL/FL level, beginning from establishing valid instruments to measure the NL/FL and finding specific targets on which to intervene by education and other preventive measures, so as to develop specific awareness to counteract the pressure from GDOs and the effects generated by commercial determinants.