Development of a low-cost, at-home device for early detection of chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is classified according to patient's kidney state and functionality. Stage 1 represents the initial renal damage, maintaining normal function, while Stage 5 indicates end-stage of CKD, marked by renal insufficiency and the need for dialysis or transplant. Patients in the early stages of CKD may be asymptomatic, but may experience symptoms as fatigue, weakness, and a general feeling of unwellness as the disease progresses, making diagnosis accessibility an essential aim of the health system. A low-cost and home-based device accompanied by a mobile app were developed as an early indicator of CKD, using colorimetry to determine the creatinine levels and chromogens in urine deposited in the device, designed using a solution of picric acid, sodium lauryl sulphate, borate solution, and sodium hydroxide. A range of chromogens was assigned to creatinine concentrations, calibrated by analysing diluted creatinine samples in triplicate, taking 1.2 ml of the sample and adding defined amounts of alkaline picrate according to the calibration curve. The absorbances were recorded at 45, 60, and 180 seconds for each of the creatinine samples combined with alkaline picrate in the creatinine analysis. Finally, the curves corresponding to each time were compared, providing a final absorbance to each creatinine level by subtracting the blank curves’ values. The chromogen is obtained according to the patient's health status, and compared in a database in the application, displaying the possible health status of the kidneys, without providing a diagnosis, but rather an early alert of the kidneys state and approximate glomerular filtration rate. The device has the potential to offer an early diagnosis accessible to all population with a history or risk of CKD. Early detection of CKD may improve patient health through frequent medical appointments, medication, dietary restrictions, and lifestyle changes. KEY MESSAGES: • Early stages of CKD can go unnoticed by patients and physicians, making early diagnosis a valuable tool. • At-home health devices can be designed for the early detection of CKD.