Dysregulated metal ion homeostasis underscores non-canonical function of CD8(+) T cell during COVID-19

INTRODUCTION: Several efforts have been made to describe the complexity of T cell heterogeneity during the COVID-19 disease; however, there remain gaps in our understanding in terms of the granularity within. METHODS: For this attempt, we performed a single-cell transcriptomic analysis of 33 individuals (4 healthy, 16 COVID-19 positive patients, and 13 COVID-19 recovered individuals). RESULTS: We found CD8(+) T cell-biased lymphopenia in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy and recovered individuals. We also found an optimal Th1/Th2 ratio, indicating an effective immune response during COVID-19. Expansion of activated CD4(+) T and NK T was detected in the COVID-19-positive individuals. Surprisingly, we found cellular and metal ion homeostasis pathways enriched in the COVID-19-positive individuals compared to the healthy and recovered in the CD8(+) T cell populations (CD8(+) TCM and CD8(+) TEM) as well as activated CD4(+) T cells. DISCUSSION: In summary, the COVID-19-positive individuals exhibit a dynamic T cell mediated response. This response may have a possible association with the dysregulation of non-canonical pathways, including housekeeping functions in addition to the conventional antiviral immune response mediated by the T cell subpopulation. These findings considerably extend our insights into the heterogeneity of T cell response during and post-SARS-CoV-2 infection.