Cancer vaccine strategies for the treatment of diffusely infiltrating gliomas

Diffusely infiltrating gliomas – including glioblastoma (GBM), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutant gliomas, and histone 3 (H3) altered gliomas – are primary brain tumors with an invariably fatal outcome. Despite advances in the understanding of their biology, standard, targeted and immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapies have proven ineffective in arresting their inexorable progression and associated morbidity and mortality. Recognizing the unique aspects of the immunogenicity of cancer cells, the last decade has seen the development and evaluation of vaccine-based therapies for the treatment of solid tumors, including gliomas. Here we review the current vaccine strategies for the treatment of GBM, IDH-mutant gliomas and diffuse midline glioma H3 K27M-altered. We discuss potential benefits and challenges of vaccine therapies in these specific patient populations.