Green Synthesis of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles With Rosemary and Ginger and Their Bactericidal Action Against Staphylococcus aureus

Introduction: Titanium oxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles (NPs) have significantly proved to be highly useful in restorative materials, dental adhesives, sealants, cements, and other dental applications to prevent microbial colonization and reduce the risk of infections. The present study was aimed at developing a dental material with antibacterial properties by combining titanium oxide NPs using ginger and rosemary extracts. Materials and methods: The formulation was prepared using rosemary and ginger, mediated by TiO(2) NPs. The preparation was then introduced into the wells of a microplate consisting of cultured Staphylococcus aureus and was kept for incubation for four hours. To record the minimum inhibitory concentration, the test solution was added into Kimble tubes consisting of Muller-Hinton broth. The results obtained were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Result: Increasing concentration led to decreased optical density, indicating bactericidal effects. Significantly lower optical density values were observed in decreasing order among the test samples (25, 50, and 100 μL) compared to control and antibiotic groups against Streptococcus, highlighting the potent antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of the greenly generated combination of titanium oxide NPs with herbs. This was also confirmed by moderate minimum inhibitory concentration at 100 μL. Conclusion: The present study suggests that there is a bactericidal process at play, leading to a reduction in the overall bacterial count. It can be concluded that the ginger and rosemary-mediated titanium oxide NPs serve as potential antibacterial agents against S. aureus. This study can be used as a preliminary study, and further studies can be conducted to use this formulation in the field of medicine.